Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Author's decision - Essay Example Being an innovation virtuoso, clearly he would join innovation in his proposed arrangements. Truth be told, an enormous piece of this discussion spins around the potential that innovation has in reacting to such flare-ups. In spite of the fact that Bill Gates utilizes all the explanatory systems of sentiment, logos, and ethos, his quality hangs out in utilizing the technique of logos. With all the experience that he has at the top level administration, it should shock nobody that Bill Gates has such staggeringly flawless oral aptitudes. Specifically, he explains his discourse such that impacts the audience’s observation about him. The methodology of ethos is obviously regular in his discussion. In any case, he has a generally excellent past record in charity and particularly in the field of medicinal services. Somebody can truly observe that the crowd concurs with his focuses in light of the fact that they believe that he knows better. Also, the crowd is anxious to get notification from him and emit in mayhem once he shows up. This conduct says a great deal regarding Bill Gates qualifications among the normal residents. Then again, his extraneous ethos isn't excessively solid at the underlying stage in light of the fact that numerous individuals realize that he has never drilled in the human services segment. For instance, Bill Gates knows next to no about the situation of clinical experts that are confronted with the assignment of battling Ebola. The crowd, maybe believe that he can't talk about the issues of Ebola and that his contribution is just restricted to the gifts that he makes. In any case, as he begins to talk, his extraneous develops from level to level inferable from his insight on issues to do with social insurance. The crowd picks up trust and trust in the speaker and move their sitting examples to turn out to be increasingly mindful (Haaften, pp. 67). Each speaker is completely mindful of the significance of utilizing tenderness technique in engaging the audience’s feeling of character and feelings (Gibson, pp. 72). Bill Gates is

Alara Agri Case

1. Ought to Taner take part in shopper look into for Alara Agri’s prepackaged fruits or would it be advisable for him to endeavor to convince German and Belgian retailers to direct some test promoting in their stores? Taner ought to take part in shopper look into for Alara Agri’s prepackaged fruits on the grounds that all through the case, German and Belgian retailers were skeptical of the possibility of prepackaged cherries, accepting that the bundling would discourage the buyers in their nations from purchasing since it doesn't give the â€Å"farm new feel. The German and Belgian retailers additionally expressed that their buyers were more value delicate, and would not be inclined to bundling not at all like different nations, for example, the UK which is an island. German and Belgian retailers were under the suspicion that the UK buyer would pay more for bundled merchandise since they are an island, and it isn't as simple to get such foods grown from the ground all year round.After understanding investigations, a Belgian report appeared, â€Å"an in-store overview uncovered under 40 percent of buyers can express the right cost of a container of mayonnaise following buy, in excess of 20 percent having no clue at all of the value charge. † A German investigation of customers at general stores found a stunning number of just shy of 70 percent of buys were made at the retail location, and that brand implied a ton, since it recognized quality things from not. 2. On the off chance that you think buyer look into is proper, what are the points of interest of your exploration plan?The particulars that would be generally suitable for the examination plan, would need to have a brand/name test, just as a value test. A definitive objective is to propose the arrangement to the German and Belgian retailers, which is as of now sensitive. The arrangement is to show brief cost increment however with an arrival far more noteworthy with the possibility of longer timeframe of realistic usability, just as a brand that would stick. The test to defeat is to make sense of how to persuade the German and Belgian retailers that the expense of comfort and quality would get on rapidly as it did in Europe.The look into plan will likewise incorporate test advertising in the stores, maybe with an a sound representative for the retailers whose rack space was squandered because of a bombed endeavor to increase another base of shopper. All things considered, getting the brand name out and getting it to stay with the significance of value, with a contribution of sincere trust that if the endeavor comes up short, the retailers would be repay without limit. 3. In the event that you think test promoting by retail clients is suitable, what are the points of interest of your examination plan?Test showcasing is totally proper by retail shoppers, since it permits an organization to not toss all of their investments tied up on one place just to have it come up short. It gives the organization a chance, also, to decide if it is suitable to make such an extraordinary change in a previously settled market. So as to do this, we would require retailer ability of rack space for a specific measure of time. We would likewise need to actualize a shopper report of clients who looked over fruits, instead of clients who got the â€Å"punnets† of cherries.This kind of near information would permit us to show the Belgian and German retailers an investigation of development, benefit, and gross edge, eventually persuading, or demonstrating the Belgian and German retailers right. 4. Do you have some other proposals for Mr. Taner? My lone different suggestions is that Mr. Taner demonstrate his image and quality meet the desires for those he is attempting to persuade. As it should be, Mr. Taner has the entirety of the instruments he needs so as to play out an exhaustive report which ought to permit him to acquire rack space in German and Belgium, on the misrepresentation that his changing of the market is a real achievement.

Kick to the limit!

Kick to the limit! Last night the MIT Sport Taekwondo Club sponsored a demonstration by the Korean Flying Tigers, and since half of my floor is in the club, I decided to head down to the athletic center to check it out. I happened to be sitting next to the sports editor for The Tech, and through a bit of investigative journalism he discovered that the Flying Tigers are from Kyung Min University in South Korea, where its possible to major in taekwondo like an MIT undergrad would major in political science or civil engineering. See how seamlessly I incorporate these links? I am a blogging genius. Anyway, the Tigers themselves major specifically in taekwondo forms. So, they should be about as good at taekwondo as I am at chemical engineering. Well, yeah, Id say thats at least as impressive as the 63 percent I got on my fluid mechanics final. The show alternated between variations on three basic routines. 1. N heroes (usually small women) spar with at least N+1 assailants (usually large, armed men) and defeat them in spectacular fashion! 2. well-choreographed, perfectly-synchronized dance routine to a something like Beethovens Pathetique, Mvt. 3, or Britney Spears Baby One More Time 3. insane board breaks involving a great deal of spinning, flipping, leaping and/or diving This shot is suprisingly similar to the third picture on this promo page. Just lucky I guessspaghetti against a wall. The whole thing was just fantasticthe best part is when theyd set up like 15 people holding 6 boards and youd have to wonder how the taekwondoist could possibly contort himself in midair to hit all of them, then hed just calmly walk up, jump 4 feet in the air, do a split and then a backflip, and then like smash one with his forehead and one with his tongue. Somebody pointed out that during the sparring, there seemed to be a lot of air in between the kicks and injuries. This was true, I guess, but it wasnt exactly play-fighting like youd see at the Renaissance Faireif one of these people kicked me, Id probably die instantly. So, its better to err on the side of caution here. And, yeah, the plot was a little predictable in all these skits, but the acrobat double-turning flip throws most assuredly were not. In the words of Brian 06, Its like a bunch of interpretive dancers who could kill you. The moral of the story is that MIT Sport Taekwondo Club is awesome, but we already knew that because theyve won pretty much every tournament ever. And if you say any differently, theyll kick you to death. And special thanks to Brian 06 (sports editor) and Beckett 06 (vengeful god of school newspapers) for letting me sit in their special press section so I could get these great pictures.

Taking a look at Islam - 1467 Words

Fridays is the Muslim day of congregational worship in a Mosque. Women may worship at home or in a Mosque but men and women worship separately. The leader of the Mosque is called an Imam, or â€Å"one who leads†. The Imam is chosen by virtue of his sincerity and dedication and leads the prayers and sermons. The Muslim calendar is lunar as far as setting festival dates; the month begins with the appearance of the moon and they vary in length from 29 to 30 days. The lunar year is 10 to 11 days shorter than the solar year and therefore Ramadan starts 10 to 11 days earlier every year. Over a 30 year cycle, Ramadan occurs in the winter, fall, summer and spring. In addition to Ramadan, the other two months that are sacred to the Muslim faith are the months of Muharram and the month of Dhul-Hijja. The month of Muharram is sacred because it marks the beginning of the new Muslim year and the month of Dhul-Hijja is sacred because this is the month that the pilgrimage (Pilgrimage to Makk ah) is made-being one of the Islamic Pillars of faith. (Poling 1980, 152-163) Islamic Denominations There are two main denominations or Schools of Islam: the first being the minority sect of the Shia’ School and the second being the majority sect called the Sunni School. Essentially, after the death of Muhammad (peace be upon him), there had been no appointed heir or successor to lead the Islamic people. The man Abu-Bakr was a close companion of Muhammad and had been praised as beingShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Islam733 Words   |  3 PagesIslam is a religion that tells it believers a complete way of living. The core belief of Islam is that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad (S.A.W) is the last prophet of God. The concept of worship in Islam is a general concept which meets all the good in religion and life. The truth of worship is all said and works that appeal to Allah and you are satisfied. The Muslim in life knows that he is a true servant of Allah and obeying A llah seeks to fulfill and to avoid what banned in all thingsRead MoreTaking a Look at Islam and Judaims777 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Apart from Christianity, Islam and Judaism are two of the most influential religions in the world, particularly in the Middle East. Although Judaism is not as large as Islam, it has impacted on the world in a profound manner. While it’s quite evident that both Islam and Judaism appear to be having conflicting differences in terms of their doctrines, they are both know as Abrahamic religions because they share a common origin in the Middle East through Abraham in the Hebrew Bible. NeverthelessRead MoreIslam : A Monotheistic Religion1505 Words   |  7 Pages Modern Challenges Paper Islam is a monotheistic religion taking into account disclosures got by the prophet Muhammad in the seventh century A.D., which were later recorded in the Quran (or Koran), Islam s consecrated content. Islam has spread quickly during the time and today the religion is, by a few estimations, the biggest on the planet. Devotees of Islam are called Muslims. The Arabic word Islam signifies accommodation, mirroring the confidence s focal precept of submitting to Allah. IslamicRead MorePatriarchal Women Of Islam : The Answer Is No, House Of Flesh, And Another Evening At The953 Words   |  4 Pageswas the first patriarchal monotheistic religion, but definitely not the only one; following it was Christianity, then Islam. Taking a more in depth look at Islam, the stories â€Å"The Answer Is No†, â€Å"House of Flesh†, and â€Å"Another Evening at the Club† demonstrates the aggressive patriarchal society women of Islam face and how these women seem to challenge these ste reotypes. In Islam, women are held to higher standards than that of a man; more is expected of them in the social aspect of their societyRead MoreThe Religion Of Islam And Buddhism1476 Words   |  6 Pages Islam and Buddhism are two of the biggest religion in the world. Around 1.5 billion of population is occupied by Islam and nearly half billion of population is occupied by Buddhism ( http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/). These two religion has different faith, belief, culture and tradition. Knowing that the use of alcohol is common in most parts of the world among different communities and tradition, it would be a great interest of knowledge to understand the facts how these two-religionRead MoreThe Views On Heaven / Jannah And Hell / Jahannam1543 Words   |  7 Pages It may be hard to tell today how alike Christian and Islamic views are with how much conflict there is between the people of these two major religions which account for nearly 3.8 billion of us. However, when taking a deeper look at these two religions, and disregarding all of the imprudent violations against the opposing religion made every day, one can see a much more intertwined foundation of beliefs that is often overlooked. The views on Heaven/Jannah and Hell/Jahannam in these two major religionsRead MoreIslam Dbq Essay930 Words   |  4 Pages2013 Why Did Islam Spread So Quickly? Islam originated in present day Saudi Arabia where the prophet, Muhammad, had been born. Islam would later be able to spread quickly through trade, the appealing nature of the Islamic faith, and military campaigns. In the â€Å"Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes† (Doc. A) it shows how Mecca was very busy with all kinds of trade. Since Mecca is where Islam would start in the upcoming years, traders would come and go taking the teachings ofRead MoreThe Cover Of A History Of Islam975 Words   |  4 PagesThe cover of â€Å"A History of Islam in America† is very controversial if compared to what is written in the text. My perceptions so far from reading Kambiz GhaneaBassiri book is that he gives factual information on Muslim Black history. But on the cover of the book, the group of people that I see are white skinned immigrants. It confuses me that a historian that spent most of the book from chapter 1-6, discussing the enslavement of African Muslim to the New World and how they had to assimilate to aRead MoreReligion For Some Is A Pathway To Heaven. Following Any1134 Words   |  5 Pagesreligion is a personal choice of living a life with faith in a divine and supreme powe r. As any other major religion, Islam promotes peace, love and equality for all mankind . People who follow Islam are Muslims which is defined as â€Å"one who surrenders† in front of God. Islam has given both rights and responsibilities to men and women, but it has also handed extra responsibility to men to look after their families, to provide for them, and to protect them. Women, on the other hand, serve as a strong pillarRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Christianity And Islam744 Words   |  3 PagesOne of the main differences between Christianity and Islam is the relationship with both religions and Jesus Christ. The teachings of each religion follow the ideology of said religion. The way the Qur’an and the Bible address the topic of Jesus Christ is complex as there are many similarities, yet there is a significant difference that causes conflict between the two religions. The question of was Jesus Christ the son of God is what often causes confli ct between the religions. Some say that the

An analysis of the micro and macro environment of MS Free Essay Example, 1000 words

According to Valentin (2001), the conceptual model and framework behind the creation of the strategic tool can be categorized in terms of either internal or external factors or favorable and unfavorable factors whereby, the internal factors are strengths and weaknesses respectively while, the external factors comprise of threats and opportunities. Consequently, strengths and opportunities are favorable elements which underline a business while, weaknesses and threats can be classified as unfavorable (Valentin, 2001). 1. Strengths The strengths of Debenham’s are rooted in the company’s innovative styling in the minds of the UK customers which perceive the brand as the promoter of a specific lifestyle. Moreover, as noted by Kennedy (2003), in comparison with other multi-retailers, the supply chain and distribution networks of the company are extensive in terms of their national and international presence. As identified previously, the company boosts of more than 172 stores locally and also in several international locations. This consideration certifies that the company maintains an extensive network of employees. The continued persistence of the brand over a period of a century has established a positive customer perception in the minds of several market segments. We will write a custom essay sample on An analysis of the micro and macro environment of M&S or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In terms of the clothing sector of Debenhams, the company’s primary competitor such as John Lewis has experienced a rise in sales which is alarming for the firm. 2. Weaknesses With the arrival of local and international clothing brands in the UK, a change in customer preferences and rapidly changing trends in fashion the clothing division of companies such as M&S has suffered the most (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2005). However, the issue with Debenhams with reference to this factor can be partly attributed to poor internal management which has contributed towards the production of lackluster designs which do not appeal to younger audiences in recent years as compared to previous years. Also, the company’s unique selling point of offering premium value on clothing is experiencing a declining and disregard by customers because they believe that the company is unable to meet expectations regarding trends, prices and quality. 3. Opportunities According to Mukherjee and Patel (2005) several UK based clothing retailers including Debenhams has the availability of a prospect where it can launch manufacturing bases in India and also penetrate within the Indian retailing market. This opportunity can be classified as being highly favorable for the company because several other international clothing brands such as Forever 21 are also benefitting from conducting their operations in developing countries where the demand for trendy and fashionable clothing is essentially spearheaded by a large youth-oriented population.

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Westernization free essay sample

This article is about the influence of Western culture. For the eye surgery, see Epicanthoplasty. [hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) This article has an unclear citation style. (November 2011) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (November 2011) The neutrality of this article is disputed. (November 2011) An example of Westernization: Meiji period, Japan, Prince Yorihito Higashifushimi in typical Western naval dress uniform with white gloves, epaulettes, medals and hat Similarity with US General John C. Batess uniform. Westernization or Westernisation (see spelling differences), also occidentalization or occidentalisation (from the Occident, meaning the Western world; see occident in the dictionary), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values. Westernization has been a pervasive and accelerating influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming westernization to be the equivalent of modernization,[2] a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to change towards a more Westernized society, in the hope of attaining Western life or some aspects of it. To assume, however, Western societies are not affected or changed by this process and interaction with non-Western groups is misleading. Westernization can also be related to acculturation and enculturation. Acculturation is the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members. [3] After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within one or both cultures. Specific to westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their own social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, westernized. The phenomenon of westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different communities. Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact. In a situation where a native culture experiences destruction as a result of a more powerful outside force, a shock phase can often result from the encounter. Such a phase is especially characteristic during expansionist or colonialist eras. During a shock phase, repression using military force may lead to a cultural collapse or ethnocide, a culture’s physical extinction. According to Conrad Phillip Kottak, the Westerners will attempt to remake the native culture within their own image, ignoring the fact that the models of culture that they have created are inappropriate for settings outside of Western civilisation,[5] just one representation of the possibly harmful effects of Westernization. Contents 1 Definition of the West 1. 1 Territorial 1. 2 Different views 1. 2. 1 Samuel P. Huntington and Westernization 1. 2. 2 Edward Said and Westernization 1. 3 Personal Process of Westernization 2. 1 Colonisation (1492–1960s) 2. 1. 1 Europeanisation 2. 1. 2 Westernization in Asia 2. 2 Globalization (1960s–present) 3 Consequences 4 Examples of Westernizing Leaders 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Definition of the West Main article: Western world Territorial The West was originally defined as the Western world. Ancient Romans distinguished between Oriental (Eastern, or Asian) cultures that inhabited present-day Egypt and Occidental cultu res that lived in the West. A thousand years later, the East-West Schism separated the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the Western canon when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the Renaissance. Although Russia converted to Christianity in 10th century, the West expanded to include it fully when Peter the Great deeply reformed the countrys government, the church and modernised the society thanks to the ideas brought from the Netherlands. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close genealogical, linguistic, and philosophical descendants, typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from European culture. However, though sharing in similar historical background, it would be incorrect to regard the Western world as a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economical differences exist between Western countries and populations. Western civilisation is commonly said to include Northern America (U.S. A. and Canada), Europe (at least the European Union, EFTA countries, European microstates), Australia and New Zealand. The definition is often widened, and can include these countries, or a combination of these countries: European countries outside of the EU and EFTA Due to mainly their membership in the Council of Europe, the European Neighbourhood Policy, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and other organisations, these countries are included in the definition of the West. They also share general European culture with countries forming of EU. Latin America. Some countries in Latin America are considered Western countries, largely because most of its peoples are racially descended from Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese settlers and later immigration from other European nations). And thus their society operates in a highly Westernized way. Indeed, most countries in Latin America use their official language, either in Spanish or Portuguese. According to the CIA -The World Factbook-, there has also been considerable immigration to Latin America from European nations other than Spain and Portugal, (For example, from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, etc. See Immigration to Argentina, Immigration to Chile or Immigration to Brazil. ). [7] Turkey. Although geographically only 3% of Turkey lies in Europe, Turkey has a similar economic system, has a customs union with the European Union in addition to being an official candidate for membership, and is a member of typical Western organisations such as OECD, Council of Europe, and NATO. It is usually a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as UEFA and the Eurovision Song Contest. Israel. Although geographically Israel is located in the Middle East south of Lebanon, Israel had many Jewish immigrants who were from Western countries like the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France and Germany. It is a member of the OECD. It is usually a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as UEFA and the Eurovision Song Contest. According to Sammy Smooha, a professor emeritus of sociology at Haifa University, Israel is described as a â€Å"hybrid,† a modern and developed â€Å"semi-Western† state. With the passage of time, he acknowledged, Israel will become †more and more Western. † But as a result of the ongoing Arab-Israeli dispute, full Westernization will be a slow process in Israel. [9] Lebanon. Although geographically Lebanon is located in the Middle East north of Israel, Lebanon has almost 40% Christians who are heavily influenced both culturally and socially by Western countries (particularly France with whom they share historical ties dating as early as the Crusaders state of County of Tripoli founded by Raymond IV of Toulouse that encompassed most of present day Lebanon. The French legacy within the whole Lebanese society is the widespread fluent knowledge of the French language). Western influence brought in by the countrys Christians spread to the rest of its population, making todays Lebanon a unique blend of East and West. Lebanons comparatively progressive society and the culture and features of metropolitan Beirut, known as Paris of the Middle East,[10] are a testament to its westernization. It is usually a member of European organisations for cultural events such as the Eurovision Song Contest. [11] South Africa. Due to the high influence of European culture in places like South Africa, it could be said that the country is Western or has achieved Westernization. Moreover, White South Africans of European origin make up about 9% of South Africa. Another 9% are of mixed race. Unlike Black South Africans whove maintained their own native languages, most mixed South Africans speak Afrikaans as a first language. Likewise, most Indian South Africans speak English natively today. Therefore, it can be argued that this collective 20% of native English and Afrikaans speakers (both European-derived) live in heavily Western influenced cultures. Similarly, whites and coloureds are over 10% of Namibia. They primarily speak Afrikaans and German as a first language. In addition to that, many Black South Africans and Namibians speak European languages, e. g. Afrikaans and English, fluently and are also considered speakers of those languages. [citation needed] Widening the definition may cause controversies. Different views Samuel P. Huntington and Westernization In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington (see The Clash of Civilizations), consider what is Western based on religious affiliation, such as deeming the majority-Orthodox Christian part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including Latin America, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox, to organize the rest of the globe. [12] Edward Said and Westernization In Orientalism Edward Said views Westernization as it occurred in the process of colonization, an exercise of essentializing a â€Å"subject race† in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references Arthur Balfour, the British Prime Minister from 1902-1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a â€Å"benevolent† system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England’s great â€Å"understanding† of Egypt’s civilization and purporting that England’s cultural strengths complimented and made them natural superiors to Egypt’s racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, â€Å"Knowledge to Balfour means surveying a civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline—and of course, it means being able to The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a ‘fact’ which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself [the civilization] nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it. The act of claiming coherent knowledge of a society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as â€Å"almost everywhere nearly the same. † Said also argues that this relationship to the â€Å"inferior† races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by â€Å"the West†; if â€Å"The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, â€Å"different † then â€Å" the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal. Thus, â€Å"the West† acts as a construction in the similar way as does â€Å"the Orient†Ã¢â‚¬â€it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case the colonization and rule of a foreign country. Personal A different view on the Western world is not defining it by its territory, but by its people group, as these tend to differ in an increasingly globalised world. This view highlights the non-Western population i n countries with a Western majority, or vice versa. The Boers for instance can be regarded as Western inhabitants of South Africa. Process of Westernization King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan attempted to Westernize his country in the 1920s, but tribal revolts caused his abdication Colonisation (1492–1960s) Main article: Colonialism Europeanisation From 1492 onward, Europeanisation and colonialism spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period, colonising or subjecting the majority of the globe. The two World Wars weakened the European powers to such extent that many colonies strove for independence, often inspired by nationalistic movements. A period of decolonisation started. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were autonomous. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western politics such as the adoption of a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture. [citation needed] Westernization in Asia General reactions to Westernization can include fundamentalism, protectionism or embrace to varying degrees. Countries such as Korea and China attempted to adopt a system of isolationism but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by the introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain McDonalds into China. 13] Specific to Taiwan, the industry of bridal photography (see Photography in Taiwan) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of love. As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a strike contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. 14] Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion. In Japan, the Netherlands continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, as the Japanese had opened their doors only to Dutch merchants before US Navy Captain, Commodore Perry’s visit in 1852. After Commodore Perrys visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the Meiji era. Many Japanese politicians have since also encouraged the Westernization of Japan using the term Datsu-A Ron, which means the argument for leaving Asia or Good-bye Asia. In Datsu-A Ron, Westernization was described as an unavoidable but fruitful change. After Japans surrender to the USA and its llies ended World War II, the Westernization process of Japanese culture was further intensified and today, Japan is notably among the most Westernized countries in Asia. [citation needed] However, in contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has managed to sustain a culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualisation. [15] Furthermore, Irans attempt to westernize, which was dictated by the Shah, was partly responsible for the Iranian Revolution. Globalization (1960 s–present) Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of globalization. This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to a cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as democracy and constitution, many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries like Japan, China, India, etc. The main characteristics are economic and political (free trade) democratisation, combined with the spread of an individualised culture. Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of Communism. After the break-up of the USSR in late 1991, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including privatization of hitherto state-controlled industry. With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics and even to food or culture. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of globalization that leads the world to be similar with Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings about the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast foods, American pop-culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world. Consequences Due to the colonisation of the Americas and Oceania by Europeans, the cultural, ethnic and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as the United States f America, Argentina, Australia, Chile and New Zealand, where the traditional indigenous population has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. However, even in countries where large populations of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (mestizo) considerably with European settlers, such as Bolivia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and Ecuador, marginalisation still exists. But continued immigration to eventual white majority regions like Costa Rica made these cultures have a castizo or a more Europeanized-mestizo background. [citation needed] Due to colonisation and European immigration, the prevalent native languages in the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, Northern Asia and part of South Africa and Central Asia, are now usually European languages or creoles based on them: English (United States and Canada without French-speaking Quebec) English Australia and New Zealand or English along with English-based creole languages (Jamaica and most of the West Indies, Guyana). French (Quebec, New Brunswick and parts of Ontario in Canada and Saint Pierre and Miquelon); French along with French-based creole languages (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint-Barthelemy). Spanish (Hispanic America, although in Paraguay most people are bilingual with Guarani and there are more Guarani speakers than Spanish speakers). Portuguese (Brazil). Russian (Northern Asia and parts of Central Asia). Dutch along with creole languages (Suriname, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles). Afrikaans along with English (parts of South Africa). Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. However, some settler countries have gone to lengths to preserve indigenous languages, for example, in New Zealand the Maori language is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language. Examples of Westernizing Leaders Emperor Meiji Peter The Great Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Guangxu Emperor Sun Yat-sen Deng Xiaoping Mikhail Gorbachev Reza Shah Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Emperor Gojong See also Acculturation Africanisation is the modification of names to better reflect an African identity. Americanisation is the influence the United States of America has on other cultures. Anglicisation is the process of making something English. Anti-Americanism represents a hostility towards the government, culture, or people of the U. S. A. Anti-globalisation Arabisation transforms an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. Colonial mentality Colonialism Colonisation Colourism Creolisation Cultural assimilation Cultural cringe (Cultural Alienation) Cultural diversity Cultural genocide Cultural identity Cultural imperialism Culture of Europe Romanisation, the spread of Roman culture and language. Culture of the United States Datsu-A Ron Democratic peace theory is a theory which holds that democracies (almost) never go to war with one another. Democratisation de-Russification is a process in the post-Soviet countries to reverse the process of Russification. Diseases of affluence are diseases thought to be a result of increasing wealth. Enculturation Ethnocide Europeanisation can either mean the process of transforming a society into a more European society or the process of growth towards a European identity in Europe. Francisation is the process of giving a French character to something or someone. Germanisation is defined as either the spread of the German language and culture, or the adaptation of a word to the German language. Gharbzadegi Globalisation/Mundialisation Hellenisation, the spread of Greek culture and language. Intercultural competence Islamisation the process of a societys conversion to Islam. Japanisation is the process in which Japanese culture dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures. Kicking Away the Ladder Korenisation or Korenizatsiya was the early Soviet ethnicity policy. Language shift Magyarisation or Magyarization is spreading the Hungarian language and culture in general. McDonaldization Melting pot Modernization Multiculturalism Non-Westernized concepts of male sexuality as opposed to Westernized concept of sexual orientations North-South divide is the socio-economic division which exists between the wealthy developed North and the poorer developing South Paper Bag Party Passing (racial identity) Polonisation is the assumption or assimilation of the Polish language or another Polish attribute. Race Racialism (Racial categorization) Racism Latinisation is a system for representing a word or language with the Latin alphabet, or the traditions of the Latin Rite into Eastern Catholic Church Liturgies and practices. Romanianization is the process of giving Romanian attributes to something non-Romanian. Russification is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute by non-Russian communities. Sinicisation is the process in which Chinese culture dominates or influences other cultures. Slovakisation is the policies of Czechoslovakia then Slovakia against the ethnic Hungarians there.