Hero to Villain in Macbeth by Shakespeare - 791 Words

Is it possible to go from being a loyal hero to a selfish villain in a short period of time? In the tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespeare, written in the 1600s, Macbeth is first depicted as a noble and loyal Scottish general, who is allegiant to his sovereign, King Duncan. After three witches reveal prophecies to both Macbeth and Banquo, ambition begins to cloud Macbeth’s judgment, resulting in ominous thoughts about killing his king. Although not yet completely ignoble, Macbeth begins to embark on a bloody course with his wife, Lady Macbeth, resulting in the deaths of both King Duncan and Banquo. By Act III, scene iii, Macbeth has lost his noble qualities and is no longer considered a hero. This is best exemplified by Macbeth’s ambition and his role in Banquo’s murder. Macbeth has lost his noble qualities and is no longer considered a hero due to his ambition. After one of the witches’ prophecies came true, King Duncan announces that his son, Malcolm, will succeed him. The witches told Macbeth that he would become king, so upon hearing this news, Macbeth says to himself, â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step / On which I must fall down or else o’erleap†¦Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see† (I.iv.55-60). In this aside, Macbeth reveals the terrible desires that plague his mind in order to become king. His ambition to become king by self-fulfilling the prophecy is what is causing him to think this way. The audience begins to see Macbeth change as a character inShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 Pagestragedy applies to William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. The play is about a hero who reaches a high position in the play and then falls because of his choices. M acbeth is a tragic hero according to Aristotle s aspects that make a tragedy. Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect character, he appears in the play in a high stature, he starts to make multiple mistakes and due to his actions, he causes his downfall. First of all, Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect hero in the play. AccordingRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis732 Words   |  3 Pages Macbeth Characterization is a vital component of a text. How does Shakespeare utilise character traits to demonstrate characters as either heroes or villains? Macbeth is a play about a man who is told three prophecies about his future and he decides to make sure they come true quicker, by killing his friends, but things don’t turn out well. Shakespeare uses character traits and characterisation to demonstrate characters as either heroes or villains. Macbeth is characterized as ambitious, powerRead MoreEssay Macbeth - Hero Or Villain?1487 Words   |  6 Pages ‘Macbeth’ is a play by William Shakespeare that shows a protagonist going from bad to worse throughout the play. Shakespeare wrote this play, taking in mind current affairs at the time of 1603-1606. This is the time when a Scottish king, James I was given the English crown. This king was obsessed with witches, so Shakespeare brought this theme strongly into the play. It also brings the theme of treachery towards the King. This pleased King James and also pleased him about showing the line of StuartRead MoreHow Macbeths Character Changes throughout the Play1725 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesweather he was a tyrant or a tragic hero. The play focuses on the changing character of Macbeth and his increasing greed for power. Many factors contribute to the changes to Macbeth throughout the play which cause the character to deteriorate from a man with nobility and good intentions to one who is ruled by ambition and greed. The play begins with the scene of three witches who prophesise that three events will occur to Macbeth. The Elizabethans believed stronglyRead MoreEssay on Macbeth and Tragic Hero1071 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth, a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in the 17th century, expresses clearly the strong pull that desire for power can have over a man. Macbeth, the title character of the play, is often expressed as being the villain of the tragedy. However, through studying the play closely it is clear to see that, rather than being an innately evil character, Macbeth is in fact a tragic hero, doomed by fate from the start to descend into the madness which he did. Had it not been for his hamartia andRead MoreMacbeth Imagery Blood1442 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Imagery in Macbeth Shakespeare’s plays are well known for the richness of their imagery. This is particularly true in Macbeth and the many allusions to blood. The use of blood imagery gives the reader some foresight into what is going on in the play and how the characters are thinking and feeling. Blood is used to represent heroics on the battlefield, evil and murderous inclinations, and ultimately guilt and shame. Shakespeare uses the symbol of blood to give the readers insight intoRead MoreCritical Review of Macbeth by William Shakespeare1008 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Macbeth Critical Review of Macbeth by William Shakespeare [Aijaz Ahmed Shaikh] [Karachi University] Critical Review of Macbeth by William Shakespeare Introduction Not only is Macbeth by far the shortest of William Shakespeare’s great tragedies, but it is also anomalous in some structural respects. Like Othello (1604) and only a very few other Shakespearean plays, Macbeth is without the complications of a subplot. (Bradley, 1905) Consequently, the action moves forward in aRead MoreTO WHAT EXTENT DOES SHAKESPEARE PRESENT MACBETH AS A VILLAIN?3966 Words   |  16 PagesDOES SHAKESPEARE PRESENT MACBETH AS A VILLAIN? Shakespeare presents Macbeth more extensively as a villain using methods which would be more understood in the era the play was composed, which was the Jacobean period, but influenced by the reign of Elizabeth. During the Elizabethan period people were preoccupied with the supernatural, which is one of the main topics in Shakespeare’s play. In my opinion Shakespeare structures the play to make the audience see Macbeth transforming from a hero into aRead MoreDefining Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play Essay562 Words   |  3 PagesDefining Macbeth in William Shakespeares Play The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. There are many factors, which contribute to the degeneration of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. The three points, which contribute greatly to Macbeths degeneration, are the prophecies, which were told to him by the witches, Lady Macbeths influence and manipulation of Macbeths judgment, and finally Macbeths long time ambition whichRead MoreThe Degeneration of a Hero: Macbeth1158 Words   |  5 Pagesdegeneration of a hero: Macbeth Aristotle once said, The tragic hero must be neither villain nor a virtuous man, but a character between these two extremes.†[1] Such a person would be Macbeth, who begins as a highly respected thane by the King. However, due to the mystical prediction of the Three Witches and Macbeth’s unquenchable thirst for power, he determines to remove all obstacles standing in his way of becoming king. Shakespeare expresses his belief that anyone, from valiant hero to ruthless

Common Sense Explanations And The Explanations Of C....

In this essay I will be exploring the differences between common sense explanations and the explanations of C. Wright Mills theory of The Sociological Imagination. Common sense is based on people s personal experiences and their opinions, very often constructed from social norms and generalised views. Whereas, the Sociological Imagination thought up by sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) is based on the ideas of thinking critically and skeptically, in order to think sociologically. He wrote that in order to do this, we have to understand and grasp the link between current society and history, personal troubles and public issues. There are three main parts to Sociological Imagination: social structure, biography and history. In this essay I will set forth the ways in which each of these approaches would explain the topic of sexuality. I consider sexuality to be an umbrella term for various features, including sexual orientation, sexual activity, masculinity/femininity and gender roles . Each of which will be looked at in this essay in order to explore the topic of sexuality in relation to common sense and the Sociological Imagination. Sexual orientation is commonly viewed as the term to describe an individual’s attraction for others; who they want to have sex with. This sexual attraction is what’s commonly considered to be the representative of their sexuality. The common sense approach to sexual orientation is well educated on heterosexuality and the LGBT community. LGBTShow MoreRelatedSociological Perspective On Understanding Human Society915 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluate the Sociological Approach to understanding Human Society Explanation of common sense and sociological approaches to the study of Human Societies, with examples. Common sense is subjective as it’s based on opinion and belief; these personal interpretations generate norms in a society that a culture becomes accustomed to, so much so that they barely notice them. It is the basic level of knowledge and judgement that we all share; which we take for granted as a real and true. Common sense tries toRead MoreWhat does it mean to think sociologically? Illustrate your answer with examples from sociological research and from your own experience.1903 Words   |  8 Pagessociology is to adopt a sociological viewpoint or think sociologically. Etymologically, sociology is the study of society but this doesnt differentiate sociology from other forms of social study. Hence, many begin to describe thinking sociologically by what it is not - it is not thinking politically, thinking anthropologically, thinking historically or thinking psychologically, for example (Berger 1966: 11-36; Reiss 1968: 2-3). Others try to determine the nature of sociological thinking by detailingRead MoreSociology and Psychology 823 Words   |  4 PagesThese theories assist us to understand behaviour from individual and societal levels. Sociology is a study of society social life, social change, and social causes and consequences of human behaviour and allows us to gain an understanding of the structure and dynamics of today’s society, looking at the interlinking links patterns of human behaviour. Sociology looks at the in which social structure and institutions affect our everyday life. Sociological imagination was founded by C. Wright millsRead MoreHistorical Roots Of The 20th Century1329 Words   |  6 PagesSociological roots can be traced back in the works of thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius. However, according to ‘classical origins’, it emerged in the early 19th century as a reaction to the challenges of modern society. Growing, belief in science, mobility and technical development brought crucial changes in the way people saw life, such as the collapse of traditional norms and loss of religion authority. 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The department of Sociology Unc (2016) indicates sociology is the study of human social relationships and organisations. Sociology can range from crime to religion it is a very diverse subject. It refers to the family to the state, diversity of race and social class to the beliefs in common cultures. The study of sociology isRead MoreA Study Of The Development, Structure, And Functioning Of Human Society909 Words   |  4 Pagesand Public Issues). C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, coined the term sociological imagination. Having this quality of the mind enables us to make sense of the intersection between history and biography and the relations between the two within society. This imagination is the â€Å"capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote transformations to the most intimate features of the human self† (Mills). Through the use of different sociologist’s sociological imagination, questions that aroseRead MoreHlsc1201844 Words   |  8 Pag es1 2/17/2016 Topics for Today †¢ A  sociological  approach  and  the  sociological  imagination †¢ Biomedical  model †¢ Globalisation  and  health After this session you will be able to..... ïÆ' ¼ Explain  basic  features  of  a  sociological  approach  to  health  and   illness ïÆ' ¼ Describe  the  key  characteristics  of  the  biomedical  model ïÆ' ¼ Define  some  of  the  key  concepts  that  inform  a  sociological   approach  to  health  and  illness ïÆ' ¼ Consider  the  value  of  a  sociological  approach  to  health  and   illness  for  health  workersRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination, By Wright Mills1816 Words   |  8 Pages The Sociological Imagination is a famous paradigm devised by political scientist C. Wright Mills that scrutinizes an individual’s plights in juxtaposition with how their choices either hinder or contribute to society throughout the course of history. This not only helps map archaic and contemporary configurations of existence, but its cyclical pattern allows us to envisage the possible futures open to us. Those who apply the sociological perspective are to practice a beginners mind: to rescindRead MoreWhy Nurses Should Study Sociology4078 Words   |  17 Pagesnursing and sociology of nursing The value of developing sociological skills Using sociological skills in nursing practice Sociological knowledge: policy, practice and change By the end of this chapter you should be able to . . . discuss the reasons why nurses should study sociology; understand the distinction between sociology of nursing and sociology in nursing; understand the value of sociological skills; discuss the role of sociological knowledge and the future of nursing practice. 1 Introduction

English Language and Linguistic

Question: Discuss about the English Language and Linguistic? Answer: Beginning: There is a beautiful village named Tower Hamlet beside the river Gems. The scenic beauty of this village is so charming that people of different localities in London love to come here for spending their holidays to enjoy the beauty of nature. Julia, an innocent girl of eighteen, feel very proud to be the inhabitant of tower Hamlet. She was very pretty and attractive to look at. Sometimes villagers consider that Julia must have a divine bliss; otherwise, she can never be so beautiful and well manner. Julia was a schoolchild having a tremendous intelligence quality. She always stands first in the class. One more important thing about Julia is that she belongs to a rich family, as her father was a renowned industrialist. Oliver on the other hand was a wicked boy belonging to the same village. Olivers father worked under the company of Julias father. Oliver and Julia know each other from the childhood. Build up: When they started to grow up Julia began to fall in love with Oliver. Oliver did not show his feeling at the very first stage. Julia proposed him repeatedly, disclosed her feeling to Julia, confessed the truth how much she loved that person. Oliver always pretended to be indifferent to Julia, as he knew that Julias father would never accept him as the life partner of her daughter. One moonlight night Julia decided to take a drastic step against Oliver. If Oliver again intended to refuse her proposal, she would never irritate this person. It was Sunday evening. Oliver and Julia met beside the river Gem. Before starting her decision, Oliver decided to express his feeling. He looked at the beautiful eyes of Julia, kissed in her forehead, knelt down in front of her, and offered a beautiful red rose. It was the most pleasurable and memorable moment for Julia. In the very first week, they shared their feeling to each other; they intended to know their likings and disliking. In the second w eek, they came more close to each other beyond going any social clash and divisions. Julia promised him that she would never leave his hand despite her fathers opposition. Conflict: It was the early morning of Monday. Julia decided to give a big surprise to her beloved by giving a ring. She decided to arrange the surprise in Olivers house. Julias father being an industrialist did not allow his daughter to make any friendship with her neighbor. Father even did not allow her to go the neighbors house. This morning Julia decided to reach Olivers residence lagging behind the entire maidservant. She executed the whole plan successfully. Whenever Julia entered into the front door, she discovered Oliver is engaged intimately with a woman in bed. The entire world began to break down. The trees stopped fluttering their heads with the winds. Julia started to cry loudly but she failed. All feelings that she shared with this fraud person were meaningless. She came back to her home silently being remorse. Resolution: Julia began to forget laughing and to have food, nor did she wish to spend time with nature. From that day, Julia did not continue the relation with Oliver. Oliver on the other hand regularly waited for Julia beside the river at the evening. Being upset he returned to his home. One evening Oliver decided to visit Julia at night going to his home in spite of taking major risk. He executed the plan successfully. Whenever Oliver entered into the bedroom of Julia, Julia started to burst out. Seeing the intense hatred on behalf of Julia, Oliver was surprised. He simply could not understand why Julia is behaving like this. On the other hand, Julia was becoming irritated observing Oliver to create a dramatic sequence. At the end, Julia locked her heart at the earnest request of Julia. After hearing all the matters, Oliver started to laugh loudly. For a second Julia could not understand anything. Oliver being controlled in his gesture disclosed the all matters. The fact was that Oliver was h aving twin brother named James. He was not that much serious at his study and career. That is the reason James became married at his early age. Julia while entering to the home of Oliver has visited the twin brother of Oliver, James and his wife. Julia listened sincerely all the matters from beginning to the end. She could not understand how she would beg pardon to her boyfriend. After a moment of silence, they looked at each other and started laughing.

Multiuser Sms Based Wireless Electronic Notice Board Essay Example

Multiuser Sms Based Wireless Electronic Notice Board Essay This is the model for displaying notices in colleges on electronic notice board by sending messages in form of SMS through mobile; it is a wireless transmission system which has very less errors and maintenance. The hardware board contains microcontroller AT89c52 at the heart of the system. The microcontroller is interfaced with GSM Modem via MAX232 level convertor. It is used to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels and vice versa. The hardware also has a 64K EEPROM chip AT24C64.This EEPROM is used to store the timings and messages to be displayed. Hardware also contains a real time clock DS1307 to maintain track of time. A 162 Character LCD display is attached to microcontroller for display. Microcontroller coding will be done using Embedded C and Kiel. PC Coding will be done using Visual Basic. Multiple Users are authorized to update notices on the electronic notice board by providing them password. We can use a PC with an administrator for monitoring the system. Keyw ords—Microcontroller 89c52, GSM Modem, MAX 232 level converter, Embedded C, Keil.I. Introduction Wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to control everything and without moving an inch. This remote control of appliances is possible through Embedded Systems. The use of â€Å"Embedded System in Communication† has given rise to many interesting applications that ensures comfort and safety to human life. In this paper, it is proposed to design a model where the message to be displayed is sent through a SMS from an authorized transmitter.The toolkit receives the SMS, validates the user and displays the desired information after necessary code conversion. The main components of the toolkit contains microcontroller 89c52 which is interfaced with PC via MAX232 level convertor. MAX 232 level converter is used to convert RS232 voltage to TTL voltage levels and vice versa. We use PCs serial port to interface microcontr oller. A 162 Character LCD display is attached in byte mode to port 1 of microcontroller. This display will be used to display the messages /advertisements. Microcontroller coding will be done using Embedded C and Kiel.PC Coding will be done using VB. Nokia PC Connectivity SDK is a tool used in VB for GSM modem interfacing. The modem transmits the stored message through the COM port. The microcontroller displays the message in the LCD display board. The microcontroller used in this case is AT89c52. MATRIX SIMADO GDT11 is used as a GSM modem. In the prototype model, LCD display is used for simulation purpose. While implementation this can be replaced by actual display boards. II. Design Layout The block diagram For Wireless GSM based electronic notice display is shown in figure 1. pic] Fig. 1 Block Diagram of the System The whole system is basically divided into two sections: Transmitting and Receiving. Transmitting section consists of just a mobile. Any type of user (sim number) can be used, as users are assigned password for accessing the system. Authorised users send the message that they want to display on the notice board to the receiving section’s mobile number and the message will be displayed only if the users have the authentication password. Receiving section on the other hand consists of a GSM modem to receive message.Received SMS is then extracted by PC with the help of a VB program using AT commands. SMS are then sent to microcontroller using MAX232 IC and PC’s serial port. Microcontroller finally displays it on LCD display. III. Hardware description A. Microcontroller Microcontroller is used for interfacing the LCD display with PC to display messages. The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out.The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. B. GSM Modem A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data through radio waves.Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate. Generally, computers use AT commands to control modems. Reading of message from the SIM card inserted into the modem is done by sending the appropriate AT command to the modem. In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. Some common basic SMS related AT Commands are shown in table below: [pic] F ig. 2. AT Commands C. Display Unit One of the most common devices attached to an 8051 is an LCD display.Here we have used 162- that means 2 rows and 16 characters. It is a Hitachi HD44780 compatible module, having 16 pins including 2 pins for backlight. To program the LCD module, first we have to initialize the LCD by sending some control words. RS should be low and E should be high when we send control. R/W pin 0 mean write data or control to LCD and R/W pin 1 means read data from the LCD. To send a data to LCD, make RS high, R/W low, place the data in pins 7 to 14 and make pin E high and low once. To make this let us first build a circuit. We are going to write on the LCD module and not reading back.So, R/W is connected to ground directly. We need not have to input any data through, so all output pins are used in our application. Data pins of LCD are connected to data pins of the port. Strobe signal (Pin 1 of D25 connector) is given to E (Pin 6 of LCD), Select printer (Pin 17 of D 25) is connected to RS (pin 4 of the LCD). Pin Configuration of LCD is shown in fig 4. [pic] Fig. 3 Pin Description of LCD IC Hitachi HD44780 Many functions as Rolling or still message display, speed variation, manage time for display is also added to the display board. D. MAX 232The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA- 232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels. GSM Modem, which works at RS-232 voltage levels, logic 1 varies from -3 to -15 volts and logic 0 from +3 to +15 volts. The microcontroller which works on TTL logic levels, logic 1 is +5 volts and logic 0 is 0 volts. Therefore to interface the two we use a MAX 232 driver IC. E. Power Supply Power Supply is an important part of a circuit.It provides required supply to different blocks of the circuit from input 230 VAC. The main blocks include tra nsformer, rectifier circuit, filter circuit, and regulator circuit. Voltage regulator IC LM7805 is used as a voltage regulator. [pic] Fig. 4 Block Diagram of Power Supply IV. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM The overall circuit diagram of the system including all the hardware involved is shown in figure 3. [pic] Fig. 5. Circuit Diagram of the system V. MULTI-USER CONCEPT AND SECURITY ISSUES As already mentioned, multiple users are assigned a common password to access the system, i. . they can update messages on the notice board. For security, password is provided to authorize users. Before sending message, a user needs to authenticate itself with the system by sending the assigned password to the receiver section’s modem SIM number. The receiving section’s system verifies password, sends response to the user and tells them to send the message. To prevent misuse, users are provided with a die-out time before which they have to send the desired message. User has to authenticate again if it does not sends message within that die-out time.Password can be periodically changed by administrator at PC to avoid threat to system security due to password leakage. VI. SOFTWARE USED A. EXPRESS PCB Express PCB is free PCB software and is a snap to learn and use. Designing circuit boards is simple for the beginner and efficient for the professional. The board manufacturing service makes top quality two and four layer PCBs. B. EMBEDDED C Embedded C is used for microcontroller programming. There is a large and growing – international demand for programmers with embedded skills, and many desktop developers are starting to move into this important area.Because most embedded projects have severe cost constraints, they tend to use low-cost processors like the 8051 family of devices considered in this paper. C. KEIL Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of software developer from the professional applications engineer to the studen t just learning about embedded software development. The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing embedded software developers. D. VISUAL BASICVisual Basic (VB) is an event driven programming language and associated development environment from Microsoft for its COM programming model. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications. Visual Basic allows many additional components to be added to the toolbox. The Microsoft Comm component is used to add a serial communication facility. Here we have used VB also for providing graphical user interface at PC for easy access to display system, password changing and monitoring. VII.GSM MODEM-PC INTERFACING GSM Modem is used to receive message from the authorized user. This GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate. This SIM number is contact number of the receiving section. PCs use AT com mands to control modems. Although GSM modem is interfaced with PC through Bluetooth using a VB program, a GSM modem can be tested before actually implementing into the system. The MS HyperTerminal is a handy tool when it comes to testing the GSM device. It can be found at Start -;gt; Programs -;gt;Accessories -;gt; Communications -;gt; HyperTerminal.Various parameters like connection name, icon, comm port, and correct port settings are specified for our GSM modem. Finally in the hyper terminal main window, AT commands are sent and responds received from GSM modem can be seen. Screenshot of dialog box showing sending and receiving of AT commands is shown in figure below (Here mobile phone connection is the connection name) [pic] Fig 6. The screenshot of MS HyperTerminals main window in Windows 98. We will first have to type â€Å"AT† A response OK should be returned from the mobile phone or GSM modem. Now we will type AT+CPIN? . The AT command AT+CPIN? is used to query whethe r the mobile phone or GSM modem is waiting for a PIN (personal identification number, i. e. password). If the response is +CPIN: READY, it means the SIM card is ready for use. After this, various AT commands depending on the used modem’s instruction set are send to modem and responses are received. This process is very useful in testing GSM modems. VIII. PC-MICROCONTROLLER COMMUNICATION 8051 provides a transmit channel and a receive channel of serial communication. The transmit data pin (TXD) is specified at P3. , and the receive data pin (RXD) is at P3. 0. All modes are controlled through SCON, the Serial control register. The timers are controlled using TMOD, the Timer mode register, and TCON, the Timer control register. [pic] Fig 7. Circuit diagram for PC-Microcontroller interfacing First we have to design a communication protocol. After this, to get started open Visual Basic. †¢ Start a new Standard EXE. †¢ Next go to the Project | Components menu †¢ Check the Microsoft Comm control 6. 0. †¢ Click OK. Next double-click on the yellow phone in the toolbar to add the MSComm control to our form.Form is created using drag and drop technique, and a tool is available is available to define their control status. Now that the form is set up and ready to go, we just need to add the code to send the data. Microcontroller is also programmed to read the data and further uses it to program LCD Module by steps described in display unit in the hardware description section. IX. CONCLUSION By introducing the concept of wireless technology in the field of communication we can make our communication more efficient and faster, with greater efficiency we can display the messages and with less errors and maintenance.This model can be used very efficiently in establishments like chain restaurants wherein the order and special discounts can be displayed at all branches simultaneously, in colleges wherein students and staffs can be informed simultaneously in no time. It can be set up at public transport places like railways, bus station, and airport and also at roadside for traffic control and in emergency situations, it is cost efficient system and very easy to handle. Latency involved in using of papers in displaying of notices is avoided and the information can be updated by the authorized persons. X.FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 1. A commercial model can be able to display more than one message at a time. 2. Alphanumeric LCDs have a limitation on size as well as no of characters. These can be replaced with large LED display boards which are not only eye catching but display characters in a moving fashion one after the other. 3. In our project we are sending messages via GSM network and displaying on a LCD by utilizing AT commands. The same principle can be applied to control electrical appliances at a distant location. 4. Robots can be controlled in a similar fashion by sending the commands to the robots.This can be used for spy robots at distant locations, utilized by the military to monitor movement of enemy troops. REFERENCES [1] Books: The 8051 Microcontroller and System Janice GillispieMazidi Rolin D. McKinlay Muhammad Ali Mazidi [2] Books: GSM and Personal Communications Handbook SiegmundRedl, MatthiasWeber MalcolmW. Oliphant [3] Books: Principles and Applications of GSM Vijay Garg [4] Web Site http://burnsidetelecom. com/whitepapers/gsm. pdf [5] Web site http://www. cisco. com 6] Web site http://www. alldatasheets. com [7] Web Site http://www. robotroom. com/AlphanumericDisplay. html [8] Web Site http://pdfserv. maxim-ic. com/en/an/AN83. pdf [9] Web Site http://www. beyondlogic. org/serial/serial. pdf [10] Web Site http://www. directindustry. com/industrial [11] Website – http://www. 8051projects. info. com [12] Pdf– ATMEL semiconductors 80c52/80c51 8 bit microcontroller data sheets. [13] Pdf- MCS-51 Programmers Guide and Instruction Set by INTEL. [14] Pdf- Visual Basic 6. 0 Tutori al from the website http://www. vbtutor. net

free speech and music essays

free speech and music essays Paging Mr. Zappa Where's Frank Zappa when you need him? The last time U.S. senators took to wagging their fingers at media executives and threatening legal restrictions if pop culture didn't get just a bit less ... well ... popular, Zappa shook his finger right back. He unleashed a torrent of righteous outrage at the assembled politicos and their busybody wives and he even looked cool doing it. One of the political wives to feel Zappa's wrath was Tipper Gore, whose hubby, Al, is currently laying into media executives as the Democratic candidate for president. Along with running-mate Sen. Joe Lieberman, Gore threatened restrictive legislation within six months if the entertainment industry didn't stop marketing violent films, recordings and videogames to America's youth. Lord knows, sixteen-year-old boys need powerful inducement to lure them away from chick flicks at the multiplex. Lieberman himself has been described by Wired as being "as strident as the most right-wing Republican" when it comes to calling for restrictions on sex and violence in music, TV, and videogames. As Wired implied, this isn't a pur...

Personality Traits and Study Habits

Personality Traits and Study Habits We all like to take tests that tell us something about ourselves. There are many assessment tools available online that are based on Carl Jungs and Isabel Briggs Myers typology assessments. These tests can tell you a little more about your personality and personal preferences, and may provide insight into how to make the most of your study time. The widely-recognized and popular Jung and Briggs Myers typology tests are used by professionals in the workplace quite often to determine how and why people work, but also how individuals work together. This information can be valuable for students, as well. The results of the typology test are a set of specific letters that represent personality types. The sixteen possible combinations include variations of the letters I for introversion, E for extroversion, S for sensing, N for intuition, T for thinking, F for feeling, J for judging, and P for perceiving. For example, if you are an ISTJ type, you are an introvert, sensing, thinking, judging person. Please note: These words will mean something different from your traditional understanding. Dont be surprised or offended if they dont seem to fit. Just read the descriptions of the traits. Your Traits and Your Study Habits Individual traits make you special, and your special traits affect how you study, work with others, read, and write. The traits listed below, as well as the comments that follow, may shed some light on the way you study and complete your homework tasks. Extroversion If you are an extrovert, you tend to be comfortable in a group setting. You should not have trouble finding a study partner or working in groups, but you might experience a personality clash with another group member. If you are too outgoing, you could rub somebody the wrong way. Keep that enthusiasm in check. You might tend to skip over parts of a textbook that are boring to you. This can be dangerous. Slow down and re-read things if you realize youre skimming over parts. Take the time to plan any essays that you write. You will want to jump in and write without an outline. It will be a struggle, but you will need to plan more before jumping into a project. Introversion Introverts can be less comfortable when it comes to speaking in class or working in groups. If this sounds like you, just remember this: introverts are experts at analyzing and reporting. You will have great things to say because you will take the time to ponder and analyze things. The fact that you are making a good contribution and you tend to over-prepare should bring you comfort and make you more relaxed. Every group needs a thoughtful introvert to keep them on track. You tend to be more of a planner, so your writing is normally pretty organized. As for reading, you may tend to get stuck on a concept you dont understand. Your brain will want to stop and process. This just means you should take extra time for reading. It also means that your comprehension is likely above average. Sensing The sensing individual is comfortable with physical facts. If you are a sensing personality, you are good at putting puzzle pieces together, which is a good trait to have when conducting research. Sensing individuals trust concrete evidence, but they are skeptical of things that cant be easily proven. This makes some disciplines more challenging when results and conclusions are based on feelings and impressions. Literature analysis is an example of a subject that might challenge a sensing person. Intuition A person with intuition as a trait tends to interpret things based on the emotions they evoke. For example, the intuitive student will be comfortable writing a character analysis because personality traits become evident through the feelings they give us. Stingy, creepy, warm, and childish are personality traits that an intuitive could identify with little effort. An extreme intuitive may be more comfortable in a literature or art class than in a science class. But intuition is valuable in any course. Thinking The terms thinking and feeling in the Jung typology system have to do with the things you consider most when making a decision. Thinkers tend to focus on facts without letting their own personal feelings impact their decisions. For example, a thinker who is required to write about the death penalty will consider the statistical data about crime deterrents instead of considering the emotional toll of the crime. The thinker would not tend to consider the impact of a crime on family members as much as a feeler. If you are a thinker writing an argument essay, it might be worthwhile to stretch outside your comfort zone to focus on feelings a little more. Feeler Feelers can make decisions based on emotions, and this can be dangerous when it comes to proving a point in a debate or a research paper. Feelers may find statistics to be boring, but they must overcome the urge to argue or debate on emotional appeal alone- data and evidence are important. Extreme feelers will be excellent at writing response papers and art reviews. They may be challenged when writing science project process papers.

Fundimental of microboilogy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundimental of microboilogy - Term Paper Example The catalase test is a biochemical test that can be used to identify between Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The enzyme catalase contains a heme group and detoxifies hydrogen peroxide. The basic theory used in their identification is that one is catalase positive (Staphylococcus spp.) while other one (Streptococcus spp.) is catalase negative. If gas formation (O2) is observed in the form of bubbles, then it ensures that the sample of bacteria has a catalase; it is an indication of presence of Staphylococcus spp. Otherwise, on no gas formation, the sample contains Streptococcus spp. Non-selective medium is employed when organisms are present in low numbers. This also provides an indication about the type of organism present in the sample. The use of selective medium is to isolate the desired organism present in the mixed sample Nutrient agar is ideal as a non-selective culture medium to grow a large variety of microorganisms. In order to isolate microorganism from the agar plate, the part of colony is taken to a new agar plate. The streak-plate method can be employed as it reduces density of the microorganisms on the surface of the agar. This facilitates to obtain the distinct colonies of the microorganisms of our interest by using selective media (Selective and Differential Media 2012) Selective media inhibit the growth of some organism while promote growth of others. Selective inhibition is done by adding salts, dyes or specific inhibitors affecting the metabolism of the organisms. Crystal violet or penicillin will inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Based on this philosophy, Tellurite agar is employed as media to identify for Gram-positive organisms. When gram negative organisms are to be selected or identified, the agar with penicillin (5-50- units/ml) is used (Selective and Differential Media 2012). Selective but differential media are

Information Systems Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Information Systems Development - Essay Example In the second section, I have discussed the idea and the implementation of Ingen, the automation software. The third section deals with the challenges faced on road to making Ingen a success. The fourth section deals with the various factors affecting the cost estimation in a software project development. The next section describes the maintenance involved. When a resource joins the organization he is put in the talent pool. Under an organization there are various accounts and each account has a number of projects. When the requirement for a resource arises in a project, the account manager requests to the Resource manager, who is in charge of the talent pool. The resource who matches the skill set put forward by the account manager is allocated to the account. Now, the project manager allocates the resource to a project. As soon as the resource enters the project, his personal as well as technical information has to be updated and his manager keeps a filed record of all his information for a future reference. The whole process is no doubt a tedious one. Everyone, from the resource level to the manager level wanted a tool which could save time and ease the effort of manually performing each of these tasks and maintaining a record of the same. Taking a report for a time period was also getting difficult. So, the need arose for something which could do all tasks for the end users with much ease and precision. Ingen is a resource management tool developed to cater the need for an account management in a multi national company which consists of many such accounts. People work in an account from over various places in the world and at client sites. Though many generalized resource management tools were available in the market, since every organization has a different hierarchy and grouping method, it was difficult to use one already

Social and Historical Background Essay Example for Free

Social and Historical Background Essay Dickens was born in Portsmouth, and his father was a naval clerk. Dickens had a rough upbringing, which tormented him and gave him bitterness towards life. At the age of 12 his father was arrested for being in debt and sentenced to imprisonment. This influenced him into writing novels, because he didnt want the same life as his father. Dickens learns about the poor side of London, by visiting it and meeting poor children, this inspired him to write articles about the labour laws and conditions of poor children Later on in life, Dickens wrote many novels expressing his feelings, about the publics ignorance about the corruption within society, especially unnecessary suffering and greed. He was extremely successful and wrote many novels. Great expectations was Charles Dickenss self-portrait, it expresses himself and shows how he has been mistreated in his own life. The character Pip reflects in some ways based on Dickens. Dickens has made several endings to his novel. This shows that he is writing his book only to please the audience. The only difference is that Pip at the end of the novel, becomes self fulfilled, realising that there is more to life than being a gentleman, and finally becoming happy and looses his Great Expectations. Background on PIP Pip grew up in two places, the forge and satis house. In the forge Pip is reared by his sister and her gentle husband Joe Gargery, the village blacksmith. His sister beats him daily, trying to teach him morals, but mostly because she despises him. Pips mother and father are dead and so his sister is forced to look after him. Pip is a common poor boy who spends his days helping Joe. One day while visiting the graveyard, where his mother and father are buried, Pip meets an escaped convict who demands food and a file, to break his chains. Fearing for his life, Pip complies. Little does he know that this terrifying act of kindness will affect the entire course of his life. From an early age pip wants to be able to read and write. After this Pip is called upon by Miss Havisham, who has been deserted by her future husband on their wedding day. Miss Havisham feels destroyed by this and is planning to have her revenge on the male sex. She has adopted a daughter, who she is rearing to wreak her revenge, unfortunately Pip is the prime target. After meeting and being demeaned, because of his clothes and wealth, by Miss Havisham and Estella, he begins to envy the rich and longs to become a gentle man. Then Pip falls in love with Estella, but at the same time Miss Havisham is psychologically torturing him. He becomes ashamed of his house and upbringing. Pip expected Satis House to be great and help him on his quest to become a gentleman, but unfortunately this wasnt the case, his poor home upbringing did him more good, which later Pip realises.

Leo Strauss :: essays research papers

In 1899–1973, American philosopher, b. Hesse, Germany. Strauss fled the Nazis and came to the United States, where he taught at the Univ. of Chicago (1949–68). Strauss is known for his controversial interpretations of political philosophers, including Xenophon and Plato. Strauss wrote an influential critique of modern political philosophy, i.e., philosophy since Machiavelli, arguing that it suffers from an inability to make value judgments about political regimes, even about obviously odious ones. As a model for how political philosophy should proceed, Strauss held up the work of the Ancients, i.e., Xenephon and Plato. He defended the ant historicist position that it is possible for a person to grasp the thought of philosophers of different eras on their own terms. Strauss then wrote a book Natural Right and History (1952), Thoughts on Machiavelli. This Strauss, like his namesake Levi, was a German-Jewish emigre who brought to his adopted country tools and techniques to tailor the frayed fabrics of American garb. The vestments with which Leo Strauss (1899-1973) was concerned, however, were intellectual rather than mall-type paraphernalia. Specifically, he may have been this century's most profound critic of the adornments of modernity. There is, he argued, a fatal flaw concealed in the rationalistic optimism of the Enlightenment project, and its ramifications have been made manifest by the twin scourges of National Socialism and Leninism. Diagnosis of the malady was his life's work - diagnosis and intimations concerning appropriate therapy. But although politics was Strauss's passion, his pursuit of the political was indirect and abstruse. He had no time for party pronouncements or the policy scuffles of the day. Rather, his method was to offer exceedingly close readings of classic philosophical and theological texts and to attempt to elicit from them the political prerequisites necessary for human beings to live well together.Strauss is best known - indeed, notorious in various academic circles - for claiming that the great philosophers of antiquity and the medieval world wrote in a sort of code so as to disguise their real meaning. They did so, he argued, for two reasons. First, they might thereby hope to escape persecution for views deemed harmful or heretical by those possessing a power to impose penalties (think of Socrates' cup of hemlock). Second and more fundamental, these evasive prose maneuvers were designed to transmit truths to those capable of advantageously knowing them without simultaneously planting in the less able ideas which would bear pernicious fruit. Leo Strauss :: essays research papers In 1899–1973, American philosopher, b. Hesse, Germany. Strauss fled the Nazis and came to the United States, where he taught at the Univ. of Chicago (1949–68). Strauss is known for his controversial interpretations of political philosophers, including Xenophon and Plato. Strauss wrote an influential critique of modern political philosophy, i.e., philosophy since Machiavelli, arguing that it suffers from an inability to make value judgments about political regimes, even about obviously odious ones. As a model for how political philosophy should proceed, Strauss held up the work of the Ancients, i.e., Xenephon and Plato. He defended the ant historicist position that it is possible for a person to grasp the thought of philosophers of different eras on their own terms. Strauss then wrote a book Natural Right and History (1952), Thoughts on Machiavelli. This Strauss, like his namesake Levi, was a German-Jewish emigre who brought to his adopted country tools and techniques to tailor the frayed fabrics of American garb. The vestments with which Leo Strauss (1899-1973) was concerned, however, were intellectual rather than mall-type paraphernalia. Specifically, he may have been this century's most profound critic of the adornments of modernity. There is, he argued, a fatal flaw concealed in the rationalistic optimism of the Enlightenment project, and its ramifications have been made manifest by the twin scourges of National Socialism and Leninism. Diagnosis of the malady was his life's work - diagnosis and intimations concerning appropriate therapy. But although politics was Strauss's passion, his pursuit of the political was indirect and abstruse. He had no time for party pronouncements or the policy scuffles of the day. Rather, his method was to offer exceedingly close readings of classic philosophical and theological texts and to attempt to elicit from them the political prerequisites necessary for human beings to live well together.Strauss is best known - indeed, notorious in various academic circles - for claiming that the great philosophers of antiquity and the medieval world wrote in a sort of code so as to disguise their real meaning. They did so, he argued, for two reasons. First, they might thereby hope to escape persecution for views deemed harmful or heretical by those possessing a power to impose penalties (think of Socrates' cup of hemlock). Second and more fundamental, these evasive prose maneuvers were designed to transmit truths to those capable of advantageously knowing them without simultaneously planting in the less able ideas which would bear pernicious fruit.

Speech Aboutlove

Speech about Love Love is known to be one of the most important human values. Everyone wants to love and to be loved! Virtually everyone is capable of this wonderful feeling. Love is of multifaceted nature. Sometimes because of it we may think that our  beloved people  have qualities they really do not have. At the same time, this  feeling  helps reveal all the positive features of  the person we love. Only true love is able to change people for the better. It makes us forgive and find happiness in the  happiness of a beloved man or a woman.Therefore,  love  is the most complex and the most deep human feeling. Sometimes love makes people do heroic things. Love can make life full of joy, fun and laughter. This feeling is able to give us a brand new life, help us gain new strengths and creative forces†¦ At the same time,  love is a very complex feeling  since it is associated not only with  tenderness and joy, but also with pain and tears. Everything is not a s simple as it may seem. That is why many writers compare love with  falling into the abyss. We are all different and we all express our love in different ways.The very notion of â€Å"love† has a completely different meaning to different people. But we all love and want  to be loved, and we are all united by this desire. This is the†¦greatest miracle. Those who don’t know what  love is†¦ Speech on Dreams Have you ever wondered how dreams come about†¦ whether the BFG really existed? That this huge giant would stalk around at night catching dreams to trap them into jars and blowing them into your ears to determine what sort of dreams you would have that night? Well, you will find out very soon. Good morning to one and all.Today, I will be delivering a speech on the topic ‘dreams'. I'm sure many of u here might find this topic strange. A speech? On dreams? You must be joking! Some of u might scoff. But perhaps, after listening, you might realiz e it is actually quite interesting. Did you know it is possible that you can get rid of your fear of something in your dreams, and that's because the things we are afraid of during the daytime often turn up again in our nightmares. We can make good use of this, however. It appears that some people deal with their daytime fears in their dreams.This was the case in the following example: A woman was awfully afraid of spiders. In a dream a big spider was approaching her. The hairy crawler came nearer and nearer, until it touched her. But she felt quiet, and not afraid. Afterwards she noticed that by day she was no longer afraid of spiders either. Sounds amazing? Well, this is not at all as mysterious as it sounds. ‘Overcoming your fear' in this way is also possible in your dream. Nightmares can be caused by some physical problem (a well known example is someone who dreams about fire and wakes up with a fever).Speech Friendship Friendship is when they push when you need it, but ne ver too hard and stand back when the time is right but never too far and the true test of friendship is if you’re willing to do it all back in a heartbeat. It’s when your life is so much better because your know them and they bring out the best that lies within. Good morning fellow classmates and Mr. Hampton. Today I will be talking to you about friendship and the important role that it plays in our lives. People today, in all this new world technology and thinking have lost sight of what a true friendship is.No way do friends have to be exactly the same, I mean come on friends do have similarities but they also have their differences. The key to opening up the world of friendship is not just to focus on the similarities but to accept each others faults because true friends do not judge each other. Friends love unconditionally. They do have their little angry moments from time to time but at the end of the day all is forgiven and forgotten. Why let something that happe ned in the past ruin what great friendship you could have together in the

Learning Not Litigating Essay

Introduction: With the average age of working employees increasing, the amount of people covered under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) has also grown. With the rise in workers over the age of 40, there has been some indiscretion in regards to the training or lack of training made available to this group. This paper gives an in depth analysis of the findings of Todd J. Maurer and Nancy E. Rafuse in their article Learning, not litigating: Managing employee development and avoiding claims of age discrimination. The article addresses ways to avoid lack of training by creating an environment conducive to continuous learning which promotes employee growth and add value to the employer. The ways older workers have been denied and discouraged from training is explained as well as how the legal ramifications of these actions could hurt an organization. Because of the potential prevalence of age related discrimination, the definitions of terms, conditions and privileges of employment have been defined and may become increasingly actionable. Maurer and Rafuse detail how age discrimination can be avoided in training and development practices. Bringing change and evolution to and organization’s training practices through the use of top-down management training in an attempt to change culture and policies, decisions about who is trained, the supervision of development and bringing awareness to the potential effects of stereotypes. Topic Discussion: Training and Development Opportunities Are Increasingly Important to Today’s Workers Training and developmental activities are of paramount importance when it comes to keeping a company’s workforce competent. For this reason it is important to not only implement training but to also vary the training exercised as there are many forms and people learn in different ways. A few examples listed by Maurer and Rafuse include (but are not limited to) correspondence courses, independent reading, viewing videotapes, technology-based training, job rotation, special committees, and coaching (Maurer & Rafuse, 111). Training becomes important to the older workforce as technological advances occur as well as other innovations alter the way that businesses operate. Because of the ever-changing workplace it is necessary for employees to receive training so that they may adapt and thrive in their working environments. It is not a lack of ability or ignorance to change that is hurting the aging population, it is a lack of employer-provided training that can prevent the growth and progression of an employee. This is why continuous learning has become a prominent factor in the careers of older workers. As business practices change the way an organization operates, the organization needs to increase the amount of training offered to its employees. If there is innovation in business practices then there needs to be innovation in training. In the text Employee Training and Development, Raymond A. Noe discusses Nokia and its definition of continuous learning and how it means that employers support employees’ growth by providing them with the opportunity to develop themselves and to stay technologically current (Noe, 53). This type of environment, especially in a telecommunications company, is important to not only employee growth but also to company growth as the more employees who possess skill and knowledge will likely increase positive performance. The promotion of learning, not the discouragement of learning, will support the aging population and give them the tools necessary to succeed in the workplace bringing about commitment and prosperity to the organization (Noe, 53). Continuous training and learning need to be implemented because the workplace environment has evolved. Maurer and Rafuse allude to this by stating, â€Å"While mid- and late-career stages used to be viewed as periods of maintenance in which workers could avoid learning many new things, most workers now need to continuously learn and adapt† (Maurer & Rafuse, 112). Employees no longer have the ability to simply use what they know until they retire; employees are required to constantly experience gains in knowledge and skill to competitive and productive. The workplace is always changing and brings new challenges which increase the competition for jobs as employers want more knowledgeable and experienced employees. For this reason effectively using the aging workers by combining experience with new skills is in the best interest for organizations (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). Older workers denied access to training Not involving older workers, by failing to nominate, select, or inform them of opportunities to partake in training or development can be seen as a form of discrimination. While there is little documentation on this subject, published articles and literature have suggested that decision makers, whether that be an employee’s manager or a member of human resources, may deny additional training to older workers based on the idea that older workers cannot learn or do not want to learn. Also, if it is believed that an older worker will retire soon, decision makers may be unwilling to provide training to this employee under the assumption that it will reduce the company’s returns on investments. In a study completed by the Department of Labor, 55-64 year old workers are only 1/3 as likely to complete training as their 35-44 year old co-workers (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). In general, organizations that do not place a high value on their older employees do not have active policies or programs in place to advance or develop these employees (Armstrong-Stassen, & Cattaneo). Fewer job growth opportunities are given to older workers as well. Instead of being given job opportunities that are complex, that promote acquiring new skills and learning about different jobs, or that include status or location changes, older workers may be given routine job assignments. While it is difficult to analyze whether this may be a result of discriminatory treatment, the combination of a denial of training and comparatively different treatment of younger works (ex: younger workers receive training while older workers are denied the same training) can be legally supported as age discrimination. Because of the company’s failure to provide training to an older worker, this can result in that employee being denied promotions, being terminated, or being demoted (Maurer & Rafuse, 112-113). It is important to keep in mind that employers are not required to provide training to older workers if systems (computer systems or machinery) have been upgraded – ‘If younger employees adapt without training, then older workers must also’ (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). Older workers discouraged from training A less obvious form of discrimination would be the discouragement or lack of support for older workers to receive training and development opportunities, which can negatively affect terms, conditions, or privileges of employment or the status of an employee. The idea that people change in unfavorable ways with age is a belief held by various individuals, and this belief can affect the perceived ability of older employees’ learning abilities in the regards to the workplace (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). Employees aged 50 and older where described as being ‘inflexible, averse to change, and resistant to learning and understanding new technologies’ in a survey featuring HR executives as the respondents (Maurer & Rafuse, 114). Organization behavior literature has suggested that negative stereotypes may indirectly affect the behavior of older workers by influencing their ideas of what is normal aging behavior; this can lead to older workers conforming to the expectations set by negative stereotypes. In a recent study, regression analysis reaffirmed that older workers who hold greater beliefs that fellow older workers lack the ability and/or desire to further develop their job knowledge or skills are also less likely to have any interest in receiving any training and development activities themselves (Maurer, et all, 15). The more that older workers are exposed to these negative stereotypes and/or perceived discrimination can reduce older workers’ self-confidence, pursuit of learning, self-esteem, personal control, job involvement, and job satisfaction. Within a legal context, the more subtle types of discrimination such as exposure to stereotypes, lack of encouragement and motivation, and lack of access to training and development opportunities are likely to be seen as hostile-environment or constrictive-discharge claims. Since hostile-environment claims require severe and pervasive harassment and constructive discharge claims require that working conditions are so intolerable that a reasonable person would resign, it is difficult to take action against subtle forms of age discrimination in regards to training and development in court (Maurer & Rafuse, 115). What will be Legally Actionable in the Future? Age-related effects on training and development opportunities could become increasingly actionable based on how the courts have defined the terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. In the future, training and development opportunities may become more closely related with job opportunities including promotions, demotions, hiring, transfers, and reductions in the work force. This means that training and development may become the variable that determines an employee’s success or failure (termination) within the workplace. Denying or discouraging older workers access to training or development opportunities would then been seen as more ‘severe’ or ‘intolerable,’ which would lead to more legally actionable hostile-environment and constructive-discharge claims (Maurer & Rafuse, 115). Avoiding Age Discrimination Avoiding age discrimination in the allocation of training and development opportunities is not unlike other forms of discrimination. The best solution is to implement and follow human resource policies that mandate the use of job relevant criteria for decision making. It has also been shown that these same policies can increase the motivation to participate in learning by the workforce (Maurer & Rafuse, 116). There are four major areas in which managers need to evaluate their susceptibility to age discrimination litigation: culture and policies, decisions about training and development, supervision and support, and training managers on ADEA and the effects of stereotypes (Maurer & Rafuse, 116). Within these areas, it is important to focus on differences in access and encouragement. Culture and Policies Opportunities within a company must not be distributed based on anything except job related criteria. By establishing policies that avoid discrimination, a company’s culture will reflect those values. First, human resource policies should specifically state that all decision must be free of discrimination including age biases. These policies must be in plain language and available to all employees. In addition, current policies must be evaluated to ensure there is no intentional or unintentional age discrimination. This examination will help avoid disparate treatment and impact. Culturally, managers must take an active role in disseminating information about opportunities and not rely on informal communication channels. One way to avoid discrimination is to encourage all employees to take part in training, job assignments and job rotations (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). Training & Development Decisions The decision making process for allocating the limited training and development opportunities must be established and described in policy. This will guide managers in making lawful choices. The focus should be on job and task related factors which are best for the company and the most defensible (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). Companies cannot allow managers to give vague reasons for their training decisions because it may be based on stereotypes and ageist assumptions. Often, older employees are thought to fear new technology and cannot learn new skills (Noe, 461-465). A good policy to implement is to ask for self-nominations when it is possible. This will help managers identify motivated employees and provide justification if it is later needed (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). All final decisions to determine which employee should receive training and development resources should be based on who has the ability to benefit from the additional investments. Valid selection and training HR practices not only benefit employee self-efficacy but also the company’s performance from the macro perspective. Research has shown that a company’s performance can significantly change, even within a single year, with job- related selection and training systems (Iddekinge, 2009). There should also be a monitoring and audits of all training decisions to ensure fair distribution. It is illegal to discriminate against women, minorities and people over 40 years old. However, ageist practices tend to do not have the same stigma that workplace racism or sexism carries (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). Supervision and Support Developmental Relationships Beyond having policies that layout proper training and development protocol, managers need to recognize the importance of supporting and encouraging all employees equally. Companies might consider making managers responsible for meeting training and development involvement goals (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). Higher level managers should be receiving feedback from employees on the status of their development needs. This could be used as part of an evaluation that measures a manager’s effectiveness (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). Having open channels of communication between managers and subordinates is necessary to ensure no one feels left behind. Managers can use performance evaluations to encourage more training, get feedback and set goals for career development. Older workers feeling or becoming obsolete because of a lack in development and training can lead to poor performance. Part of the career development plan can be an introduction to new technologies as they become part of the required skills (Noe, 461-465). One factor that managers can use with resource allocation to older workers is plans for retirement if communicated by the employee (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). To further open communication channels and increase opportunities, companies can offer access to careers counselors and programs such as mentoring, apprenticeships and learning networks (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). Train Managers on ADEA The final step in avoiding age discrimination and possible litigation is to train managers and employees on The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). It would be a good investment for companies to hold training sessions on age-related stereotypes and discrimination regularly (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). There should be a strong emphasis on how stereotypes can affect managerial judgments. These trainings can be extended to employees and new hire orientations to avoid an ageist jokes and criticism which can create a hostile work environment. These sessions are a good time to reinforce a zero-tolerance discrimination policy and by doing so can portray a good faith effort which can help limit liability during litigation. Overall, managers need to understand that older workers are as differentiated and diverse as any other group. Their abilities and motivation to continuously learn and develop vary by the individual. Managers cannot assume retirement age or fail to see an older worker’s ability to grow and be a good investment for the company. Class Questions: * Can anyone think of new technology that can improve or promote employing training and development? * Can you think of ways to encourage, instead of discourage, older workers to take advantage of learning and development opportunities? * What are possible unintentional ageist assumptions in the workplace? Bibliography: Iddekinge, Chad. â€Å"Effects of Selection and Training on Unit-Level Performance.† Journal of Applied Psychology. 94.4 (2009): 829-843. Print. Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen, & Cattaneo, J. (2010). The effect of downsizing on organizational practices targeting older workers. The Journal of Management Development, 29(4), 344-363. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621711011039150 Maurer, Todd J., and Nancy E. Rafuse. â€Å"Learning, Not Litigating: Managing Employee Development And Avoiding Claims Of Age Discrimination.† Academy Of Management Executive 15.4 (2001): 110-121. Business Source Premier. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Noe, R. A.. Employee Training & Development. . 4th. New York, NY: Irwin Professional Pub, 2008. 461-465. Print. Todd J. Maurer, Frank G. Barbeite, Elizabeth M. Weiss, Michael Lippstreu, (2008),†New measures of stereotypical beliefs about older workers’ ability and desire for development: Exploration among employees age 40 and over†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 23 Iss: 4 pp. 395 – 418 United State Senate: Special Committee on Aging. (2011). Retrieved from website: http://aging.senate.gov/issues/olderworkers/index.cfm

Battle of Poitiers in the Hundred Years War

Battle of Poitiers in the Hundred Years War Battle of Poitiers - Conflict: The Battle of Poitiers occurred during the Hundred Years War (1137-1453). Battle of Poitiers - Date: The Black Princes victory took place on September 19, 1356. Commanders Armies: England Edward, Prince of Wales, a.k.a. The Black PrinceJean de Grailly, Captal de Buchapproximately 6,000 men France King John IIDuke de Orleansapproximately 20,000 men Battle of Poitiers - Background: In August 1356, Edward, Prince of Wales, better known as the Black Prince, began a large scale raid into France from his base in Aquitaine. Moving north, he conducted a scorched earth campaign as he sought to ease pressure on English garrisons in northern and central France. Advancing to the Loire River at Tours, his raid was stopped by an inability to take to the city and its castle. Delaying, Edward soon had word that the French king, John II, had disengaged from operations against the Duke of Lancaster in Normandy and was marching south to destroy the English forces around Tours. Battle of Poitiers - The Black Prince Makes a Stand: Outnumbered, Edward began retreating back towards his base at Bordeaux. Marching hard, King John IIs forces were able to overtake Edward on September 18 near Poitiers. Turning, Edward formed his army into three divisions, led by the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Salisbury, and himself. Pushing Warwick and Salisbury forward, Edward placed his archers on the flanks and retained his division and an elite cavalry unit, under Jean de Grailly, as the reserve. To protect his position, Edward arrayed his men behind a low hedge, with marsh to left and his wagons (formed as a barricade) to the right. Battle of Poitiers - The Longbow Prevails: On September 19, King John II moved to attack Edwards forces. Forming his men into four battles, led by Baron Clermont, Dauphin Charles, the Duke of Orleans, and himself, John ordered an advance. The first to move forward was Clermonts force of elite knights and mercenaries. Charging toward Edwards lines, Clermonts knights were cut down by a shower of English arrows. The next to attack were the Dauphins men. Advancing forward, they were constantly harried by Edwards archers. As they neared, the English men-at-arms attacked, nearly encircling the French and forcing them to retreat. As the Dauphins broken forces retreated they collided with the Duke of Orleans battle. In the resulting chaos, both divisions fell back on the king. Believing the fight to be over, Edward ordered his knights to mount to pursue the French and dispatched Jean de Graillys force to attack the French right flank. As Edwards preparations were nearing completion, King John approached the English position with his battle. Moving out from behind the hedge, Edward attacked Johns men. Firing into the French ranks, the archers expended their arrows and then picked up weapons to join the fight. Edwards assault was soon supported by de Graillys force riding in from the right. This attack broke the French ranks, causing them to flee. As the French fell back, King John II was captured by English troops and turned over to Edward. With the battle won, Edwards men began tending to the wounded and pillaging the French camps. Battle of Poitiers - Aftermath Impact: In his report to his father, King Edward III, Edward stated that his casualties were only 40 killed. While this number was probably higher, English casualties in the fighting were minimal. On the French side, King John II and his son Philip were captured as were 17 lords, 13 counts, and five viscounts. In addition, the French suffered approximately 2,500 dead and wounded, as well as 2,000 captured. As a result of the battle, England demanded an exorbitant ransom for the king, which France refused to pay. The battle also showed that superior English tactics could overcome greater French numbers. Selected Sources: The Battle of PoitiersBritish Battles: Battles of Poitiers History of War: Battle of Poitiers

Great Depression Basics and Roosevelts New Deal

Great Depression Basics and Roosevelt's New Deal The Great Depression was a period of worldwide economic depression that lasted from 1929 until approximately 1939. The starting point of the Great Depression is usually listed as October 29, 1929, commonly called Black Tuesday. This was the date when the stock market fell dramatically 12.8%. This was after two previous stock market crashes on Black Tuesday (October 24), and Black Monday (October 28). The Dow Jones Industrial Average would eventually bottom out by July, 1932 with a loss of approximately 89% of its value. However, the actual causes of the Great Depression are much more complicated than just the stock market crash. In fact, historians and economists do not always agree about the exact causes of the depression. Throughout 1930, consumer spending continued to decline which meant businesses cut jobs thereby increasing unemployment. Further, a severe drought across America meant that agricultural jobs were reduced. Countries across the globe were affected and many protectionist polices were created thereby increasing the problems on a global scale. Franklin Roosevelt and His New Deal Herbert Hoover was president at the beginning of the Great Depression. He tried to institute reforms to help stimulate the economy but they had little to no effect. Hoover did not believe that the federal government should be directly involved in economic affairs and would not fix prices or change the value of the currency. Instead, he focused on helping states and private businesses to provide relief.   By 1933, unemployment in the United States was at a staggering 25%. Franklin Roosevelt easily defeated Hoover who was seen as out of touch and uncaring. Roosevelt became president on March 4, 1933 and immediately instituted the first New Deal.  This was a comprehensive group of short-term recovery programs, many of which were modeled on those that Hoover had attempted to create. Roosevelts New Deal not only included economic aid, work assistance programs, and greater control over businesses but also the end of the gold standard and of prohibition. This was then followed by the Second New Deal programs which included more long-term assistance such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Social Security System, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Fannie Mae, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). However, there is still question today about the effectiveness of many of these programs as a recession occurred in 1937 -38. During these years, unemployment rose again. Some blame the New Deal programs as being hostile towards businesses. Others state that the New Deal, while not ending the Great Depression, at least helped the economy by increasing regulation and preventing further decay. No one can argue that the New Deal fundamentally changed the way that the federal government interacted with the economy and the role it would take in the future. In 1940, unemployment was still at 14%. However, with Americas entry into World War II and subsequent mobilization, unemployment rates dropped to 2% by 1943. While some argue that the war itself did not end the Great Depression, others point to the increase in government spending and increased job opportunities as reasons why it was a large part of the national economic recovery. Learn more about the Great Depression Era: Causes of the Great DepressionNew Deal ProgramsNew Deal AcronymsHerbert Hoover BiographyFranklin Roosevelt Biography

Neither human beings nor their bodies should be commodities that can Essay

Neither human beings nor their bodies should be commodities that can be traded on the market. Discuss this question - Essay Example Human trafficking and sale of body organs are classified into different categories of trade of human beings and their bodies. One of the categories that can be outlined in sale of human body is kidney transplant or any transplant that can lead to deliverance of human life as it would lead to change in his health condition. This king of trade on human bodies is regarded fair by many people but there are still a number of people who believe that the practice is abhorrent and should be prohibited. Although the society harbors the aversion to activities conducted on corpse, it encourages and tolerates especially through legalization the transplant activities and forensic postmortems (Price, 2000, p. 32). The other kind of human trafficking and sale of human parts involves sale of certain body parts illegally or trading people for slaves where they are taken for hard labor, discrimination and sexual manipulation. This kind of human trade is unacceptable to many people and thus it is disre garded all over the world. The experts who participate in the transplant operations advice people to judge the two activities with sense of ethical measures. The element of choice is essential. However, when making choices, one must consider moral, humanitarian and social purpose of the choice and law (Gallagher, 2012, p. 7). For instance, sale of human bodies for other purpose like witchcraft, sexual activities, child labor, and other forms of discrimination should not be treated as sale of human organs or donation for transplant. One form of human trafficking that leads to discrimination on human beings is slavery and sexual manipulation. Discrimination can be described as unequal or unjust treatment of individuals or groups of people based on their human attributes. Discrimination may be differential treatment or disparate impact. This is witnessed where people are captured or

ARNP Project Last Wk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ARNP Project Last Wk - Essay Example From the diagram, it would be noted that for ARNP to effectively market its services to Gen Y, it first has to review its goals and plans for the organization at large and the Gen Y to be specific. After this, the need to undertake external analysis on the Gen Y segment to come to terms with major demographic variables that pertains to the people. After this, an internal analysis will be needed to be sure if the organization has adequately put its house in ready to accommodate new customers that will be coming in. the internal analysis is often translated by a SWOT assessment, based on which strategies and objectives for the Gen Y group will be developed. The final stage will require the development and implementation of an action plan. Because ARNP is in the health sector, its action plan must focus on how the organization can present differentiated services to the Gen Y so that members within the Gen Y population would choose ARNP over other competitors for the mere fact that ARNP has different services that the others cannot

Examine some of the issues raised by Domer in this statment Do so with Essay

Examine some of the issues raised by Domer in this statment Do so with reference to specific practitioners - Essay Example Several philosophies and thoughts have emerged over the years. In his book The New Ceramics: Trends and Traditions, Author Peter Domer (1994) asserted that: With hindsight it is discernable that in the 1980's ceramics existed in a middle house between craft and art rather than design and art. In the 1990's this situation has become strongly apparent. The contemporary fine art world is centred on the galleries and the museums.......ceramicists want to join this enclosed, increasingly private realm of art...an art that has successfully disconnected itself from the responsibilities of the outside world and where practitioners deny any role to do with design, function or common meaning. But in artists, curators and other priests of art I'm not keen to embrace clay workers. (p.196) In examining the issues raised by Domer we must not forget our world is constantly evolving and developing new ways of doing things. We will take a look at the his assertions, searching for common ground or difference(s) in opinions or beliefs under the following headings; The notion thatCeramics as Craft and Art;The notion that craft is art has generated numerous comments; in describing the differences between craft and art against their functionality or usefulness, Kevin A. Hluch (1990), Professor of Art, quotes from Octavia Paz book In Praise of Hands that "there was a constant shifting ....between usefulness and beauty. This continual exchange has a name: pleasure. Things are pleasing because they are useful and beautiful. This copulative conjunction defines craftwork, just as the disjunctive conjunction defines art and technology: usefulness or beauty" (1). To buttress this point Kevin Hlutch (1990) stated that fine art is defined by contemporary art orthodoxy as that type of human expression that is at its core functionally useless (1). Hlutch further contends that to "equate craft as art and crafts people as artist" misses the point because craft and art have different aesthetics (1990, 1) He somewhat concludes that "as the original definition of craft looses credence in the craft world, the ceramic form that signifies that definition, utilitarian pottery has lost its 'market share' in that world" (Hluch, 1990). Ceramics as Design and Art If defining a place for ceramics in Arts and craft posited debates, as Domer himself pointed out, ceramics should have been seen as design and art, not as craft and art. Kevin Murray (2003) a ceramicist believes that the terms 'craft' and 'design' rest on a continuum and the continuum is understood as the degree of responsibility by the individual for the physical construction of a work. In the case of craft, it is assumed that an individual has made the work him- or herself, whether by hand or machine [while] design in contrast is often executed by others (9). He claims that "the design aura is an obvious advantage to those wanting to give their products extra value and protect their intellectual capital" explaining that "It is reasonable for designers to develop their 'brand identity' as much as their 'product'" (Murray,

An Analysis Of The Tui Group Tourism Essay

An Analysis Of The Tui Group Tourism Essay TUI a leading international leisure travel group which has over 200 different tourism brands around the world. The business activities of the TUI Group were attributed to the tourism, logistics and the former industry divisions. Objective of this report is to analyse the strategic position of TUI by applying various tools such as PESTLE, Five forces framework, SWOT and analyse and predict the future implications of its strategic capabilities using Generic strategy and Ansoffs matrix to the case study. Limitations of the tool applied are discussed with the analysis. 2.0 BACKGROUND TUI group earlier known as Hapag Touristik Union of Preussag launched itself in tourism market at the end of 1997 with the purchase of Hapag-Lloyd AG. TUI expended its business using the expansion strategy through acquisition, mergers, and investment through joint ventures all over Europe. TUI AG was spread in three sectors TUI Travel (tour operating, airlines and incoming agencies),  TUI Hotels Resorts  and the cruise ship business form the World of TUI. TUI AG holds, in addition, a financial investment in the container shipping industry. TUI in 2005 was the tour leaders with 3500 travel agencies in 17 countries with 37 incoming agencies. TUI owned more than 100 aircrafts and was the largest Hotelier in Europe with 285 hotels (Case study). Currently, the group owns 43,3 percent stake in Hapag-Lloyd AG. In  the 2008 financial year  TUI AG returned a revenue of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬24.9 billion with total earnings (underlying EBITA) of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬759 million. As at 31 December 2008 the Group had 70,200 employees (TUI group, company profile). 3.0 ENVIRONEMNTAL ANALYSIS: To understand and apply the Environmental analysis on TUI it is essential to perform an internal and an external analysis. External analysis on an industry is further sub-divided in two environment macro-environment and micro-environment. In order to understand the likely impact of these environments on the tourism industry PESTEL analysis and Porters five forces is under taken for possible impacts on the industry competitive strength and advantage over competitors. 3.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS 3.1(a) POLITICAL Political factors have a moderate impact on the performance and the growth on tourism industry. Where Political instability generates negative publicity and the risk perception influences the tourists decisions which results in an unavoidable decrease in tourist arrivals (Hall and O Sullivan, 1996). On the other side Terrorism has led serious tourism crisis, and has been affecting the financial condition significantly in recent periods (Sonmez et al 1999). Terrorist attacks, the Iraq war has reflected a decline of approximately 6.6% in TUIs tourism turnover from the first six months of 2002 to the first six months of 2003 (excluding turnover contributed by Nouvelles Frontiers, which we acquired later in 2002). Health Crisis like SARS in 2003 has also had a traumatic effect on international travel (Case study). 3.1(b) ECONOMICAL Tourism is one of the growing industries, fuelling the growth and employment and has become a critical component of the world of economy. Due to Recession, a downward momentum was seen because most of the tourism operators were handicapped by the high level of fixed assets and less able to manage their airlines and hotel industry(case study). Fluctuations in fuel costs, Exchange rates and currency fluctuations, The Growth of low cost airlines has lead to economic risk in tourism industry. 3.1(c) SOCIO-CULTURE: Change in lifestyle has changed the demands of consumer; they have become more price sensitive and has increased its demand for new experiences. Consumer has developed a new attitude of WAIT AND SEE ATTITUDE (Reisinger 2009) facilitated by last minute purchase resulting in late bookings. As tourism involve movement of people to different locations which calls for cultural clashes. Tourism has also Led to commercialization of local culture, standardization of destinations and adaptation to tourist demands (coastlearn.org) 3.1(d) TECHNOLOGY Use of information technology gave a boost to tourism business for reservations and administrative operations. With the advent of the internet, tour operators can now spread out their activities and make available appropriate information, conquering new customers (Wyner, 2000). With launch of touropa.com in Germany, TUI captured a top position in European market in 2005 with a turnover of 2.6bn euro (Case study). Similarly in Island locations high-tech venue networking was adopted to attract new visitors and to communicate to tourists (The Daily Business Buzz, Nov. 2/09) 3.1(f) LEGAL Air Travel Organizers License ATOL Regulations were imposed on any person who advertises or sells air-inclusive holidays in the United Kingdom,granted by the Civil Aviation Authority. A number of TUIs businesses operating in the United Kingdom, including Thomson Holidays and Lunn Poly, hold ATOLs. There were many European and national restrictions on airline ownership which could loss of airline operating and route licenses and cause other adverse effects on tourism business. TUIs hotels and destination agencies are subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the countries in which they operate and, on a periodic basis, must obtain various licenses and permits. They are subject to a broad range of labour, environmental and health and safety regulations in each jurisdiction in which they operate (Listing Memorandum, TUI group). 3.1(g) ENVIRONMENTAL: International tourism can play the role of both victim and villain when it comes to climate change(Holmes 2007 BBC news). To attain sustainability TUI is continuously improving on environmental performance, TUI focuses on ISO 14001 environmental standards. Hence TUI strongly supports the environmental protection policies like, species protection, nature protection and landscape protection. TUIs main area of concern is the efficient use of energy and climate protection. (TUI Group, environment management) 3.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK: A firm needs to neutralise as many as possible of the five forcers in order to create competitive advantage.(Porter 1998) Porter defines five forces impacting a firms competitiveness- threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants in the industry, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, and the intensity of competition within the industry. Understanding the nature of each of these forces gives organizations the necessary insights to enable them to create the appropriate  strategies  to be successful in their market (Thurlby, 1998) . 3.2(a) Threat of New Entrants (Medium) For a new company to launch itself in the tourism industry needs a high investment and innovative ideas to sustain its presence in the highly competitive tourism market. The existing company have the capabilities of providing tailored deals on cheap prices because of their established brands and long chains of tour operator. TUI being the market leaders of tourism industry does not have much effect of threats developed by new entrants. 3.2(b) Bargaining Power of Buyers (High)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourism industry fluctuates with the buyers changing needs. With increase in competition, buyers have a wider range of services to choose from hence the tourism industry are forced to comply with changing demands and needs of customers. As the switching cost is not too high Brand loyalty is low and with increase in purchasing power of a buyer the likelihood of travelling also increases. Buyers even eliminate the tour operators and prefer make a direct sale from suppliers (hotels, airlines ect). 3.3(c) Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Low)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TUI uses backward integration which means it has its own suppliers; in fact TUI itself acts as its own suppliers. 3.3(d) Threat of Substitutes (High)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the growing world of tourism there is a demand for strategic differentiation. Customers are looking for new experiences, diversified attractions around the world. The wide spread of TUI in Europe increases the threat of substitute due to growth of tourism industry in other parts of world. 3.3(e) Competitive Rivalry (medium) Tourism industry involves many competitors with an approach of performing better than the other. The competition level increases because of distribution of market based on the regional operators, privately owned, highly fragmented, and geographically marketed. Even though there was a moderate level of service differentiation, TUI has sustained the competition because of its brand and leadership in market 4.0 TUIS CURRENT POSITION AND STRATEGY: TUIs strategic goal is to create superior shareholder value by being a global leading leisure travel group providing customers with a wide choice of differentiated and flexible travel experiences to meet their changing needs. TUIs five strategic priorities for sustainable development are Embedding, Climate Change, Destinations, Our People and Our Customers (TUI Travel PLC, Strategy) . Since 1998 to 2005 main focus of TUI was on achieving cost control and differentiating its product in market. This was achieved by adopting Hybrid strategy which is a combination of differentiation, price and cost control (Campbell 2002) refer to Appendix (A). TUI creates enhancing margin quality through product differentiation by creating unique travel experiences for its customers which helps them achieve brand loyalty and competitive advantage. With controlled distribution process the cost of acquisition can be reduced and flexibility is achieved. The five key elements of TUI strategy: Expand our core tourism business Exploit synergies and cost efficiencies across our markets and products Leverage the benefits of our vertically integrated tourism model and our wide distribution network Identify new trends and exploit developments in the tourism industry Continue to grow our container shipping business Over the years TUI has maintained its position as the market leaders of tourism industry by covering all the stages of tourism value chain by owning its own travel agencies, hotels, incoming agencies, airlines and cruises (Business week 2009). It has positioned itself to be its own supplies, buyers and travel services and had become a strong example of vertical integration. Vertical growth can be accomplished by forward and backward integration. Though the vertical integration does not give 100 percent success guarantee in complete value chain, TUI has successfully build its business with selection of travel agencies in European market by having Thomas cook airlines with 100 aircrafts and owning more than 3000 travel agencies (case study). Vertical integration also helps in attracting more customers, differentiate its product and gain more power in market and gain economies of scale by reducing the coordination cost and reducing the profit margins of intermediaries (Enz 2009). Other advantages and disadvantages can be referred in Appendix (B). Major strengths on which TUI had built its leadership and its weaknesses which empowered them to overcome and maintain its position. 4.1 STRENGTHS: TUIs greatest strength is its brand recognition and fully integrated business model with wide spread distribution network to provide operational advantages. TUIs confidence is based on (i) ability to recover increases in input costs, (ii) flexible business model, (iii) delivery of merger synergies, and (iv) diversity of the Groups businesses(TUI Travel Plc, third quarter report). Appropriate strategic choices with the diverse work force and economic of scale in competitive marketing and efficient distribution has proved to be its core competence. TUIs global presence provides wide variety of holiday services and has successful container shipping business. 4.2WEAKNESS TUI Travels existing shareholder loan amounts to approximately  £900 million is the major drawback for TUI (financial times 2009). The consumers are increasingly holding off on booking holidays in order to save money in recession. Whereas limited bookings transparency (growing trend toward short-term travel bookings; uncertain earnings performance) has also effected the revenue growth of TUI. Another factor is the impact of seasonality on sustained growth and performance of nature based tourism. 5.0 CHANGING TRENDS AND TUIs FUTURE: 5.1 Key Drivers of change Beside PESTLE (Appendix (C)) it is important to identify the number of key drivers of changes which are forces likely to affect the structure of a business (Johnson et al 2005). To understand the drivers of changes in tourism industry it is required to analyse the change in consumers behaviour, lifestyle and priorities. In years to come the demographic shifts (ageing population), technology penetration, changes in work pattern, time pressure and changing modes of consumption (further destinations, greater expectations, more specialization) will make heavy impact on travel and tourism industry(Lockwood and Medlik 2002). According to Peter Long, chief executive of TUI Travel (sustainable development report 2008), Sustainability is one of the four key drivers for growth in TUI, the four main drivers for a sustainability programme for TUI Travel: Aviation and climate change Protecting destinations from the impact of climate change Protecting destinations from the impact of tourism Shifting demographics and consumer trends These aspects will analyse progress of TUI which is made towards providing holidays that cause minimal environmental impact, respect the culture and people of destinations, and offer real economic benefit to local communities. 5.2 Ansoffs Matrix According to Johnson et al. (2008) Ansoff Product/market growth can be used to analyse the implications of corporate strategy applied to look for the opportunities open to the industry. This matrix consists of four quadrants which are used to evaluate four types of strategic decision(Appendix (D)). It allows marketers to consider ways to develop the business via existing and/or new products, in existing and/or new markets. With an initial start in tourism business from end of 1997 to 1999 TUI saw a real scope of penetration of its business in German market with its existing products and aim to increase its market share. With a vision of new opportunities TUI expanded its horizons by stepping into European market in 2000 with complete dominance and strong market share with existing products in new markets by taking over Thomson travel group, Nouvelles Frontieres(France) and Fritidsresor(Scandinavia) developing its market. With time TUI focused on Product development and introduced low-cost travel airlines in 2003, setting up TUI china and then increased its cash flow by signing joint ventures in Russia. In 2005 with launch of a virtual tour operator, TUI captured the top position in tourism industry and was able to develop a successful brand Image. In 2005 TUI penetrated in most of the Europe, tourism division was subdivided into the five sectors Central Europe, Northern Europe, Western Europe, destinat ions and other tourism activities. TUI was diversifying geographically and that has helped to compensate the ups and downs of individual countries, which can be due to any macroeconomic factor. TUI has diversified geographically in Europe, India and China. They have also diversified in their business segments in logistics of container shipping department in order to achieve economies of scale. TUI opted consolidation for long term growth and global brand development to ensure cash flow from developed market in economic downturn hence TUI considered consolidation has one of their product and market strategy suggested by Johnson et al.(2008). 5.3 EXTERNAL OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS OPPOURTUNITES Changes in emerging and fragmented markets provide greater opportunity for growth in TUI, acquisition and joint ventures can provide a platform to build stronger product portfolio. Improving TUIs local business, improving in marketing, sales and distribution can support growing demands for specialist holidays. Tour operators still have scope for consolidation by easing geopolitical tensions. Refer to Appendix (E) for more information about the opportunities and TUIs approach towards it. THREATS Protracted economic downturn has been a major threat to the tourism industry. Geopolitical uncertainties (terrorist attacks and natural calamities), operators relatively high debts, limited earning transparency of some companies and seasonal-led volatile earnings performances are some other setbacks for tourism industry. Less attention towards environment and global warming may cause a devastating impact on travel business. 6.0 LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS 6.1 PESTEL FACTORS PESTLE analysis is done to simplify the decision making process while following a strategy. PESTLE factors helps in identifying the past trend of an organisation on which future trends are identified. Practically PESTLE analysis makes it difficult for a company to analyse the entire macro-economic factor as it can be very time consuming and costly. In this fast changing environment, capturing adequate data might be difficult and capturing too much of data can cause Paralysis by analysis this predicted data might not be accurate. PESTLE does not help is finding out the level of uncertainty in an organisation. For effective results this process needs to be undertaken on regular basis. (Cipd, 2008). 6.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCE Porters five forces model works on relatively static market structure because of which it cannot explain or analyze todays dynamic changes (Recklies 2001). This model equally imply to all the competitors in an industry and this model cannot be applied in isolation where porter accepted that outcome by applying his framework were only relevant while the macro environment remained constant (Campbell et al., 2002). Five force analyses takes into consideration industry as a whole but it does not segregate different segments. The individual analysis of each of the segment can be of much assistance than industry as a whole. It even assumes that relationships with competitors, buyers and suppliers are adversarial. It oversimplifies industry value chains (Grundy, 2006) and It ignores the human resource aspect of the strategy 6.3 SWOT The SWOT analysis gives an overview of the subject but doesnt help to get the details. The categorization of some aspects as strengths or weaknesses, or as opportunities and threats is to some extent subjective. From the case study numerous strength and weaknesses were identified, but those all were a snapshot of the success and failure on TUI over all business performance. According to Mintzberg (1990) the assessment of strengths and weaknesses may be unreliable, being bound up with aspirations, biases and hopes. Moreover, Frost (2003) describes SWOTs downsides from a managers point of view as it would be difficult for a manager to identify strengths than things they see as wrong with the organization and managers tend to describe an effect as a weakness and do not get to the causes. (Zarkos et al., 2007) states, an opportunity can also be a threat for a company; hence the same problem appears in the distinction of strengths and weaknesses. 6.4 ANSOFFS MATRIX Ansoffs matrix is only focussed on growth of a company it focuses on the tangible aspects of products and services and very little attention is paid to intangible aspect like brand. Another weakness of the Ansoff Matrix approach is that it doesnt really address the issue of brand elasticity as a part of the strategic decision-making process.( pringle and field, 2008). the use of Ansoff matrix as a marketing tool may not be really useful as the matrix is critical for analysing the strategic path that the brand may be following, and does not essentially identify marketing options(Macmillan et al., 2000). 7.0 CONCLUSION In this report the strategic analysis is carried out on TUI tourism industry using various tools. Firstly, macro-environment was analysed to understand the possible impacts on the industry competitive strength and advantage over competitors and develop an appropriate strategy. On a corporate level hybrid strategy and vertical integration was discussed in support to TUIs success. Next segment of internal analysis described TUIs core competences and focussed on future trends of TUI. The analysis of this case study concluded high level of sustainable development which is inimitable. 8.0 REFERENCE LIST Campbell, D., Stonehouse, G. and Houston, B. (2002), Business Strategy: an introduction, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann publication, Oxford, UK. Enz, A. C., (2009), Hospitality Strategic Management: Concept and Cases, 2nd Edition,    Haboken, New Jersey. Frost, A. (2003), The Use of Strategic Tools by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: an Australasian study, Strategic Change, Volume. 12, Page: 49-62. Grundy, T. 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Improve marketing or technological intelligence Obsolete process may be penetrated Can create differentiation through coordination process Reduce strategic flexibility due to being locked in a business Provide superior control of firms market environment May link to an unprofitable adjacent business Offers an increased ability to create credibility for new products. May not be potential for synergy Adopted from Enz, A. C., (2009), Hospitality Strategic Management: Concept and Cases, 2nd Edition. Appendix (C) FACTORS REASONS POLITICAL/LEGAL Political instability of developing countries Government regulations and regulatory reforms. High taxation policies of developed countries. labour, environmental and health and safety regulations ECONOMICAL Rise in disposable income in developing countries Currency fluctuation. Rise in fuel cost Emerging market. SOCIAL Changing priorities of consumers Health and safety concerns Urbanisation. Disposal income in consumer level TECHNOLOGY Use of information technologies systems for reservations Use of internet Implementation of new sales and distribution channels Enhanced flexibility ENVIRONMENT Natural calamities Global warming limitation on carbon emission Appendix D STRATEGIC DIRECTION ANSOFF MATRIX Existing Product New Product A Market Penetration Consolidation B Product Development C Market Development D Diversification Existing Market New Market Adapted from H. Ansoff, Corporate Strategy, Penguin, 1988, Chapter 6 Appendix (E) Opportunity Our goal Embedding into our core business Ensure our business decisions take into account sustainable development principles Operational impacts Minimise the negative sustainability impacts (particularly on climate change) of our day-to-day operations Supply chain management Support our supply chain in managing their sustainability impacts Choice editing Edit out the holiday options that do not meet our minimum sustainability standards Choice influencing Make it easy for customers to choose a more sustainable holiday Awareness raising Help customers appreciate the sustainability impacts of tourism, driving demand for more sustainable holidays Changing behaviour   Encourage customers to change their actions in a way that maximises the positive and minimises the negative impacts of their holiday Innovation and product development   Develop new, more sustainable experiences in response to demand   Collaborating with our industry   Share best practice with others in the tourism industry where our competitiveness is not affected   Advocacy   Use our influence responsibly and in line with our commitment to sustainable development   Putting something back   Put something back into the environment or community wherever we cannot avoid a negative impact   http://sd2008.tuitravelplc.com/tui-sd/pages/ourapproach/ourstrategy?whoareyou=addstudent=truesubmit=Submit Threat of new Entrant Innovative ideas Wide range of holiday packages Threat of substitute Worldwide tourism attractions